1 00:00:03,290 --> 00:00:05,900 The future is shaped by influences 2 00:00:08,250 --> 00:00:09,528 people with strength , 3 00:00:12,140 --> 00:00:13,060 vision , 4 00:00:18,310 --> 00:00:19,880 courage to rise above 5 00:00:28,200 --> 00:00:31,670 to enter a room and change the 6 00:00:31,670 --> 00:00:35,160 course . True leaders come from those 7 00:00:35,160 --> 00:00:38,520 who have struggled challenge the status 8 00:00:38,520 --> 00:00:41,420 quo . Five , 9 00:00:41,970 --> 00:00:45,300 overcome and 10 00:00:45,300 --> 00:00:47,840 strive for a better tomorrow . 11 00:00:48,950 --> 00:00:52,150 We serve , we lift others , 12 00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:57,050 we encourage each other . We 13 00:00:57,050 --> 00:01:00,420 empower those around us that 14 00:01:00,430 --> 00:01:03,130 future . Enter that room 15 00:01:14,190 --> 00:01:16,134 and welcome back from lunch on the 16 00:01:16,134 --> 00:01:18,310 third and last day of the 2023 17 00:01:18,320 --> 00:01:20,431 Department of the Air Force , Women's 18 00:01:20,431 --> 00:01:22,542 Air and Space Power symposium . We're 19 00:01:22,542 --> 00:01:24,764 gonna jump into our next panel on Women 20 00:01:24,764 --> 00:01:27,042 Peace and Security Act . But before we , 21 00:01:27,042 --> 00:01:29,264 but before we do that , we want to give 22 00:01:29,264 --> 00:01:29,130 a shout out to some of the amazing 23 00:01:29,130 --> 00:01:31,620 symposium . Staff on graphics . We have 24 00:01:31,620 --> 00:01:34,070 Staff Sergeant Desiree where you saw 25 00:01:34,070 --> 00:01:36,292 her earlier interviewing the staff , Mr 26 00:01:36,292 --> 00:01:38,590 Ivan Rivera . Thank you both so much 27 00:01:38,590 --> 00:01:40,701 for the amazing work from our special 28 00:01:40,701 --> 00:01:42,646 support staff . Lieutenant Colonel 29 00:01:42,646 --> 00:01:44,757 Brenda , fellows , Lieutenant Colonel 30 00:01:44,757 --> 00:01:47,490 Allison Gonzalez , Major Elise Noko 31 00:01:47,490 --> 00:01:50,300 Krim and Major Amelia Sounders . 32 00:01:51,230 --> 00:01:53,410 Our agenda team , Lieutenant Colonel J 33 00:01:53,410 --> 00:01:55,354 D Purdy , senior master sergeant , 34 00:01:55,354 --> 00:01:57,243 Crystal Jones , master Sergeant , 35 00:01:57,243 --> 00:01:59,243 Heather Tarnish and tech sergeant , 36 00:01:59,243 --> 00:02:01,410 Katie Torres . And lastly , our social 37 00:02:01,410 --> 00:02:03,466 media team captain , Jackie Locket , 38 00:02:03,466 --> 00:02:05,299 senior master sergeant , Tiffany 39 00:02:05,299 --> 00:02:07,299 Rankins and staff Sergeant , Ashley 40 00:02:07,299 --> 00:02:09,466 Smith . Thank you all so , so much for 41 00:02:09,466 --> 00:02:11,577 all the work you've done to help make 42 00:02:11,577 --> 00:02:13,743 this symposium a success . But back to 43 00:02:13,743 --> 00:02:15,910 women peace and security . In 2020 the 44 00:02:15,910 --> 00:02:18,077 U S government directed the Department 45 00:02:18,077 --> 00:02:20,299 of Defense to implement women peace and 46 00:02:20,299 --> 00:02:20,270 security across all functions . The 47 00:02:20,270 --> 00:02:22,381 Department of the Air Force is in its 48 00:02:22,381 --> 00:02:24,603 second year of formal Department of the 49 00:02:24,603 --> 00:02:24,500 Air Force , women , peace and security 50 00:02:24,500 --> 00:02:26,350 implementation . This panel will 51 00:02:26,350 --> 00:02:29,340 provide insight to why embracing WPS 52 00:02:29,350 --> 00:02:31,740 internally within the Air and Space 53 00:02:31,740 --> 00:02:34,100 Force are and externally throughout our 54 00:02:34,100 --> 00:02:35,822 global missions and security . 55 00:02:35,822 --> 00:02:38,090 Corporation efforts is imperative to 56 00:02:38,100 --> 00:02:40,690 all operations and building a more 57 00:02:40,690 --> 00:02:43,030 lethal force . As a reminder towards 58 00:02:43,030 --> 00:02:45,141 the end of this panel , there will be 59 00:02:45,141 --> 00:02:47,308 an opportunity for a live audience . Q 60 00:02:47,308 --> 00:02:49,474 and A . If you have a question for the 61 00:02:49,474 --> 00:02:51,586 moderator or panelists , please leave 62 00:02:51,586 --> 00:02:53,363 them in the Facebook livestream 63 00:02:53,363 --> 00:02:55,363 comments , moderating the panel and 64 00:02:55,363 --> 00:02:57,740 discussing this is MS Chiara Savant , 65 00:02:57,750 --> 00:02:58,890 welcome ma'am 66 00:03:04,480 --> 00:03:07,290 around the world conflict and disasters 67 00:03:07,300 --> 00:03:09,300 disproportionately affect women and 68 00:03:09,300 --> 00:03:10,960 Children . Yet women remain 69 00:03:10,970 --> 00:03:13,200 underrepresented an effort to secure 70 00:03:13,200 --> 00:03:16,160 against and resolve conflict . Research 71 00:03:16,160 --> 00:03:18,280 shows that when women participate in 72 00:03:18,280 --> 00:03:20,280 security and peace negotiations 73 00:03:20,290 --> 00:03:23,850 agreement is 64% less likely to fail 74 00:03:23,860 --> 00:03:27,200 and 35% more likely to last at least 15 75 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:30,370 years . A wide range of barriers still 76 00:03:30,370 --> 00:03:31,870 prevent women's meaningful 77 00:03:31,870 --> 00:03:34,130 participation , including biases and 78 00:03:34,130 --> 00:03:36,297 perceptions of gender norms of men and 79 00:03:36,297 --> 00:03:39,180 women legal and policy barriers and a 80 00:03:39,180 --> 00:03:41,236 lack of gender informed perspectives 81 00:03:41,236 --> 00:03:43,390 throughout planning and operations . 82 00:03:44,260 --> 00:03:46,290 Women , peace and security is an 83 00:03:46,300 --> 00:03:48,356 internationally recognised framework 84 00:03:48,356 --> 00:03:50,411 utilized within the us and among our 85 00:03:50,411 --> 00:03:52,467 allies and partners to address these 86 00:03:52,467 --> 00:03:54,260 challenges . The United States 87 00:03:54,260 --> 00:03:56,482 introduced the Women Peace and Security 88 00:03:56,482 --> 00:03:59,150 Act in October 2017 to ensure 89 00:03:59,150 --> 00:04:01,206 meaningful participation of women in 90 00:04:01,206 --> 00:04:03,530 preventing mitigating and resolving 91 00:04:03,530 --> 00:04:06,570 conflict . This law tasked the 92 00:04:06,570 --> 00:04:08,570 Department of Defense Department of 93 00:04:08,570 --> 00:04:10,403 State and Department of Homeland 94 00:04:10,403 --> 00:04:12,514 Security and the United States Agency 95 00:04:12,514 --> 00:04:14,348 for International Development to 96 00:04:14,348 --> 00:04:17,810 implement WPS initiatives . In 97 00:04:17,810 --> 00:04:20,190 2020 the Department of Defense released 98 00:04:20,190 --> 00:04:22,530 its WPS strategic framework and 99 00:04:22,540 --> 00:04:24,730 implementation plan . The D O D 100 00:04:24,730 --> 00:04:26,563 framework outlines three primary 101 00:04:26,563 --> 00:04:27,650 objectives 102 00:04:34,860 --> 00:04:37,170 as an extension of the D O D framework , 103 00:04:37,180 --> 00:04:39,180 the Department of the Air Force has 104 00:04:39,180 --> 00:04:41,236 established women peace and security 105 00:04:41,236 --> 00:04:43,513 objectives for the Air and Space Force , 106 00:04:43,513 --> 00:04:45,458 Air Force Reserve and Air National 107 00:04:45,458 --> 00:04:47,624 Guard , which include applying the WPS 108 00:04:47,624 --> 00:04:49,640 framework to core functions such as 109 00:04:49,640 --> 00:04:52,100 training and doctrine , exercises , 110 00:04:52,110 --> 00:04:54,520 operations and security cooperations to 111 00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:56,760 promote WPS principles and gender 112 00:04:56,760 --> 00:04:59,910 perspectives . The Department of the 113 00:04:59,920 --> 00:05:02,150 Air Force is committed to implementing 114 00:05:02,160 --> 00:05:05,000 WPS across all Air and Space Force 115 00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:07,360 functions to ensure readiness by 116 00:05:07,360 --> 00:05:09,880 training our gender advisory workforce , 117 00:05:09,890 --> 00:05:12,920 ensuring WPS principles in all training 118 00:05:12,920 --> 00:05:15,110 curriculum and conducting gender 119 00:05:15,110 --> 00:05:17,650 analysis to reduce barriers and improve 120 00:05:17,660 --> 00:05:21,570 gender equity . The 121 00:05:21,570 --> 00:05:23,870 women peace and security initiative 122 00:05:23,880 --> 00:05:26,150 asks us to examine our process and 123 00:05:26,160 --> 00:05:29,160 organizations differently to face the 124 00:05:29,160 --> 00:05:31,710 complex security challenges of today 125 00:05:31,720 --> 00:05:33,890 and in the future , we must grow our 126 00:05:33,900 --> 00:05:36,140 understanding of how gender relates to 127 00:05:36,140 --> 00:05:38,940 the outcomes within the security sector . 128 00:06:00,130 --> 00:06:02,960 Wow , we hope you enjoyed the unveiling 129 00:06:02,960 --> 00:06:05,060 of our first ever death of P S 130 00:06:05,060 --> 00:06:07,210 introduction video . Please help us 131 00:06:07,210 --> 00:06:09,266 spread the word on the important WPS 132 00:06:09,266 --> 00:06:11,321 efforts across the Department of the 133 00:06:11,321 --> 00:06:13,450 Air Force and the world . My name is 134 00:06:13,450 --> 00:06:15,672 Chiara Von . I am the Department of the 135 00:06:15,672 --> 00:06:17,617 Air Force Gender Advisor that sits 136 00:06:17,617 --> 00:06:20,110 within Safian Mar . Today . We'll be 137 00:06:20,110 --> 00:06:21,888 talking about women , peace and 138 00:06:21,888 --> 00:06:24,240 security embracing change to achieve 139 00:06:24,250 --> 00:06:26,280 operational objectives . We are 140 00:06:26,280 --> 00:06:27,891 featuring WPS , scholars and 141 00:06:27,891 --> 00:06:30,140 practitioners from across the field . 142 00:06:30,190 --> 00:06:32,370 These experts offer a wide range of 143 00:06:32,370 --> 00:06:34,560 perspectives . They will be discussing 144 00:06:34,570 --> 00:06:37,530 why WPS is important and from within 145 00:06:37,530 --> 00:06:39,790 their organizations , I encourage 146 00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:41,950 everyone to check out their full bios 147 00:06:41,950 --> 00:06:43,839 which can be found in the virtual 148 00:06:43,839 --> 00:06:46,006 program , but I will take the time now 149 00:06:46,006 --> 00:06:48,390 to briefly introduce them . Our first 150 00:06:48,390 --> 00:06:50,370 Panelist is Dr Shirley Graham who 151 00:06:50,370 --> 00:06:52,426 serves as the Director of the Gender 152 00:06:52,426 --> 00:06:54,481 Equality Initiative in International 153 00:06:54,481 --> 00:06:56,426 Affairs and Associate Professor of 154 00:06:56,426 --> 00:06:58,537 Practice and International Affairs at 155 00:06:58,537 --> 00:07:00,537 George Washington Elliott School of 156 00:07:00,537 --> 00:07:02,990 International Affairs . Next is Doctor 157 00:07:02,990 --> 00:07:05,190 Jennifer Hawkins , the senior women 158 00:07:05,190 --> 00:07:07,134 Peace and security Advisor for the 159 00:07:07,134 --> 00:07:09,301 United States Agency for International 160 00:07:09,301 --> 00:07:11,023 Development Bureau of Conflict 161 00:07:11,023 --> 00:07:14,210 Prevention and Stabilization . I'm also 162 00:07:14,210 --> 00:07:16,720 pleased to introduce Dr David Smith who 163 00:07:16,720 --> 00:07:18,831 is an associate professor at the John 164 00:07:18,831 --> 00:07:20,790 Hopkins Carry Business School , a 165 00:07:20,790 --> 00:07:23,170 retired captain in the navy and naval 166 00:07:23,170 --> 00:07:25,860 aviator and co author of the books , 167 00:07:25,870 --> 00:07:28,000 Good guys . How men can be better 168 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:30,250 allies for women in the workplace and 169 00:07:30,250 --> 00:07:32,760 Athena rising , how and why men should 170 00:07:32,760 --> 00:07:35,980 mentor women . Rounding out this 171 00:07:35,980 --> 00:07:37,970 stellar lineup is British Army 172 00:07:37,980 --> 00:07:40,147 Lieutenant Colonel Katherine Prudhoe , 173 00:07:40,147 --> 00:07:41,750 gender adviser for the NATO 174 00:07:41,760 --> 00:07:43,538 International Military Staff in 175 00:07:43,538 --> 00:07:45,770 Brussels . To all of our notable 176 00:07:45,770 --> 00:07:47,750 panelists . Thank you so much for 177 00:07:47,750 --> 00:07:49,694 taking the time to be here with us 178 00:07:49,694 --> 00:07:51,528 today . We're looking forward to 179 00:07:51,528 --> 00:07:53,417 learning from you and your unique 180 00:07:53,417 --> 00:07:55,472 perspectives and expertise . And WPS 181 00:07:57,330 --> 00:07:59,552 my first question for all the panelists 182 00:08:00,180 --> 00:08:02,347 embracing change implies that we don't 183 00:08:02,347 --> 00:08:04,610 see adversity , we don't see change as 184 00:08:04,610 --> 00:08:06,230 adversity , but rather as an 185 00:08:06,240 --> 00:08:09,460 opportunity to improve and innovate as 186 00:08:09,460 --> 00:08:11,516 we think about one piece of security 187 00:08:11,516 --> 00:08:14,030 and how time how the changes , how the 188 00:08:14,030 --> 00:08:16,252 change it continues to bring across the 189 00:08:16,252 --> 00:08:17,974 globe . Please provide a brief 190 00:08:17,974 --> 00:08:19,752 description of your role in WPS 191 00:08:19,760 --> 00:08:22,060 implementation . Let's start with you , 192 00:08:22,060 --> 00:08:25,070 Dr Graham . Thank you and it's 193 00:08:25,070 --> 00:08:27,070 wonderful to be here . Thank you so 194 00:08:27,070 --> 00:08:29,170 much for inviting me onto this panel 195 00:08:29,170 --> 00:08:31,880 discussion this afternoon . So first of 196 00:08:31,880 --> 00:08:33,824 all , the women peace and security 197 00:08:33,824 --> 00:08:35,991 agenda calls for women's participation 198 00:08:35,991 --> 00:08:38,310 in all aspects of peace and security , 199 00:08:38,310 --> 00:08:40,460 decision making the prevention of 200 00:08:40,460 --> 00:08:42,516 violent conflict , the protection of 201 00:08:42,516 --> 00:08:44,682 women and girls , human rights and the 202 00:08:44,682 --> 00:08:46,904 incorporation of gender perspectives in 203 00:08:46,904 --> 00:08:49,790 peacekeeping . So why does all of this 204 00:08:49,790 --> 00:08:52,290 matter ? Because women's rights are 205 00:08:52,290 --> 00:08:54,346 linked to national and international 206 00:08:54,346 --> 00:08:58,210 security . We have over 100 datasets 207 00:08:58,220 --> 00:09:01,220 correlating women's status in a country 208 00:09:01,230 --> 00:09:03,970 with its stability and its prosperity , 209 00:09:04,470 --> 00:09:07,200 but simply countries that are more 210 00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:09,780 gender equal are less likely to use 211 00:09:09,780 --> 00:09:12,850 violence to resolve conflict . Yet 212 00:09:12,850 --> 00:09:15,410 today , no country has full gender 213 00:09:15,410 --> 00:09:17,188 equality . That might come as a 214 00:09:17,188 --> 00:09:19,920 surprise for many of , for many of us 215 00:09:19,980 --> 00:09:22,850 and only 12 countries have equality 216 00:09:22,860 --> 00:09:26,090 under the law . So in relation to my 217 00:09:26,090 --> 00:09:28,430 specific role in the implementation of 218 00:09:28,430 --> 00:09:31,290 WPS as the director of the gender 219 00:09:31,290 --> 00:09:33,346 equality Initiative in International 220 00:09:33,346 --> 00:09:35,512 Affairs at George Washington's Elliott 221 00:09:35,512 --> 00:09:37,512 School of International Affairs . I 222 00:09:37,512 --> 00:09:41,220 oversee 22 courses . These 22 courses 223 00:09:41,230 --> 00:09:43,850 on gender and international affairs are 224 00:09:43,850 --> 00:09:46,790 the most any DC School has . On this 225 00:09:46,790 --> 00:09:49,410 topic . We have over 400 students 226 00:09:49,420 --> 00:09:52,100 taking these courses each year . So 227 00:09:52,100 --> 00:09:54,770 this is phenomenal when I started my 228 00:09:54,770 --> 00:09:57,800 education on this back in 2003 , there 229 00:09:57,800 --> 00:09:59,860 wasn't one course dedicated to this 230 00:09:59,860 --> 00:10:01,860 topic . I think I had one class and 231 00:10:01,860 --> 00:10:04,320 that was it . Anyway , in my role , 232 00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:07,160 what's crucially important to me is the 233 00:10:07,160 --> 00:10:10,050 leadership of young people coming up 234 00:10:10,060 --> 00:10:11,850 through the ranks in all of our 235 00:10:11,860 --> 00:10:14,950 institutions specifically are 236 00:10:14,950 --> 00:10:18,150 security institutions . And so I take 237 00:10:18,150 --> 00:10:20,720 that role as a leader , as an educator 238 00:10:20,730 --> 00:10:24,200 on WPS very , very seriously . So in 239 00:10:24,200 --> 00:10:26,840 2020 I founded the D C Student 240 00:10:26,840 --> 00:10:29,330 Consortium on women peace and security . 241 00:10:29,480 --> 00:10:32,520 And today only a couple of years later , 242 00:10:32,520 --> 00:10:35,430 we already have 300 student members . 243 00:10:35,440 --> 00:10:38,730 So my rationale was to create a space 244 00:10:38,730 --> 00:10:41,600 for diverse perspectives from young 245 00:10:41,600 --> 00:10:45,080 student leaders and really being aware 246 00:10:45,080 --> 00:10:47,710 of connecting them when experts in the 247 00:10:47,710 --> 00:10:50,690 field and creating a job pipeline for 248 00:10:50,690 --> 00:10:53,720 those young leaders . I'm also a member 249 00:10:53,720 --> 00:10:55,887 of the U S civil society working group 250 00:10:55,887 --> 00:10:57,887 on women , peace and security . And 251 00:10:57,887 --> 00:10:59,990 this is an organization with over 70 252 00:10:59,990 --> 00:11:03,340 members that work to educate and inform 253 00:11:03,350 --> 00:11:05,980 Congress , the administration and civil 254 00:11:05,980 --> 00:11:09,880 society more broadly on WPS . For 255 00:11:09,880 --> 00:11:12,710 example , I recently conducted research 256 00:11:12,720 --> 00:11:14,950 with gender advisers in U S security 257 00:11:14,950 --> 00:11:17,500 cooperation missions . And I presented 258 00:11:17,500 --> 00:11:20,780 my findings from that particular study 259 00:11:20,790 --> 00:11:23,800 at the Defense Security Cooperation 260 00:11:23,800 --> 00:11:25,840 University , their professional 261 00:11:25,840 --> 00:11:29,080 military education workshop on WPS last 262 00:11:29,080 --> 00:11:31,191 September . So that's a little bit of 263 00:11:31,191 --> 00:11:33,191 an overview of some of the work I'm 264 00:11:33,191 --> 00:11:35,024 doing in this area . Thank you . 265 00:11:37,610 --> 00:11:39,499 Thank you , Dr Graham . We really 266 00:11:39,499 --> 00:11:41,610 appreciate the work that you're doing 267 00:11:41,610 --> 00:11:43,777 and starting WPS implementation at the 268 00:11:43,777 --> 00:11:45,999 collegiate level is just so important . 269 00:11:45,999 --> 00:11:48,221 So again , kudos to you for making that 270 00:11:48,221 --> 00:11:50,221 hard decision and doing , doing the 271 00:11:50,221 --> 00:11:52,332 best that you can . So thank you over 272 00:11:52,332 --> 00:11:54,388 to you , Doctor Hawkins for the same 273 00:11:54,388 --> 00:11:56,870 question . Thank you and thank you , 274 00:11:56,870 --> 00:11:59,070 Kira and kudos to the Air Force for 275 00:11:59,070 --> 00:12:01,320 holding a space to have this 276 00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:04,010 conversation . I think it says a lot 277 00:12:04,020 --> 00:12:06,730 about your office , your agenda that 278 00:12:06,730 --> 00:12:08,952 you dedicate time for women , peace and 279 00:12:08,952 --> 00:12:11,190 security during International Women's 280 00:12:11,190 --> 00:12:13,357 Day , just passing and Women's History 281 00:12:13,357 --> 00:12:15,720 Month . So kudos to all of you and my 282 00:12:15,720 --> 00:12:18,090 esteemed colleagues on the panel , um I 283 00:12:18,090 --> 00:12:20,201 would say for my job , you know , the 284 00:12:20,201 --> 00:12:22,423 purpose of my job is to implement the U 285 00:12:22,423 --> 00:12:24,870 S strategy for women peace and security 286 00:12:24,880 --> 00:12:27,240 implement . And also for this current 287 00:12:27,240 --> 00:12:30,130 administration to help write and do the 288 00:12:30,130 --> 00:12:32,019 drafting of the update to the new 289 00:12:32,019 --> 00:12:34,470 strategy which will be forthcoming Um 290 00:12:34,470 --> 00:12:37,890 in October of 2023 . So we work very 291 00:12:37,890 --> 00:12:39,834 closely with the National Security 292 00:12:39,834 --> 00:12:42,760 Council and the current administration , 293 00:12:42,770 --> 00:12:44,920 as was already noted in the opening , 294 00:12:44,930 --> 00:12:47,840 we also have a very strong interagency 295 00:12:47,840 --> 00:12:49,729 coordination on women , peace and 296 00:12:49,729 --> 00:12:51,729 security . So I worked very closely 297 00:12:51,729 --> 00:12:53,396 with my department of Defense 298 00:12:53,396 --> 00:12:55,396 Department of Homeland Security and 299 00:12:55,396 --> 00:12:57,118 State Department colleagues to 300 00:12:57,118 --> 00:12:59,062 implement our research , effective 301 00:12:59,062 --> 00:13:00,951 implementation plans on one piece 302 00:13:00,951 --> 00:13:03,118 security . My role also is to lead the 303 00:13:03,118 --> 00:13:05,722 agency on WPS . So that is figuring out 304 00:13:05,732 --> 00:13:09,112 our key priorities are commitments and 305 00:13:09,112 --> 00:13:11,282 how we hold our leadership accountable 306 00:13:11,292 --> 00:13:13,912 for implementing peace security and 307 00:13:13,912 --> 00:13:16,322 also how to engage our missions . We we 308 00:13:16,322 --> 00:13:18,922 have a very localized approach as you 309 00:13:18,922 --> 00:13:21,702 might hear administrator say often . So 310 00:13:21,714 --> 00:13:24,064 women , peace and security . So our 311 00:13:24,074 --> 00:13:26,424 input and the input of civil society , 312 00:13:26,434 --> 00:13:28,684 the input of our missions is really 313 00:13:28,694 --> 00:13:31,504 crucial to leading this agenda for us . 314 00:13:31,504 --> 00:13:33,615 We don't want this to be a Washington 315 00:13:33,615 --> 00:13:36,544 top down initiative that we tell our 316 00:13:36,544 --> 00:13:38,924 missions and embassies , what to do . 317 00:13:38,934 --> 00:13:41,244 We really kind of lead from the local 318 00:13:41,244 --> 00:13:44,274 level . Um So a lot of my role is a lot 319 00:13:44,274 --> 00:13:47,966 of drafting of strategies reports . We 320 00:13:47,966 --> 00:13:50,077 do an annual report to Congress which 321 00:13:50,077 --> 00:13:52,646 is also available online to the public . 322 00:13:52,646 --> 00:13:54,813 So if you have a chance you can see us 323 00:13:54,813 --> 00:13:56,535 age report as long as my other 324 00:13:56,535 --> 00:13:58,646 colleagues from the other departments 325 00:13:58,646 --> 00:14:00,590 report to Congress , it's a lot of 326 00:14:00,590 --> 00:14:02,590 legislative affairs . We just did a 327 00:14:02,590 --> 00:14:04,535 Hill event with the WPS caucus for 328 00:14:04,535 --> 00:14:06,535 those that don't know . We have the 329 00:14:06,535 --> 00:14:08,479 first ever WPS caucus , which is a 330 00:14:08,479 --> 00:14:10,700 bipartisan effort . Um We joked that 331 00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:12,589 this is the one thing on congress 332 00:14:12,589 --> 00:14:14,811 everyone agrees about . So we have lots 333 00:14:14,811 --> 00:14:16,811 of support on Congress on this , um 334 00:14:16,811 --> 00:14:19,170 this issue . And so a lot of that is 335 00:14:19,170 --> 00:14:21,540 some legislative work that I do . Um 336 00:14:21,540 --> 00:14:23,651 And then of course , going out to the 337 00:14:23,651 --> 00:14:25,540 field , I just recently came from 338 00:14:25,540 --> 00:14:27,855 Cameroon to visit WPS program where 339 00:14:27,855 --> 00:14:30,375 we're working with women and girls who 340 00:14:30,375 --> 00:14:32,264 are affected by violent extremism 341 00:14:32,264 --> 00:14:34,208 conflict in the far North region , 342 00:14:34,208 --> 00:14:37,065 which is most adversely affected by the 343 00:14:37,075 --> 00:14:40,345 Boko Haram crisis . So I'll stop there 344 00:14:40,345 --> 00:14:42,012 and um looking forward to the 345 00:14:42,012 --> 00:14:45,860 conversation . Thank you , 346 00:14:45,860 --> 00:14:48,800 ma'am . Excellent over to you Dr Smith . 347 00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:52,770 Same question . Thanks Keira for , 348 00:14:52,780 --> 00:14:54,891 for including me and great to be here 349 00:14:54,891 --> 00:14:56,690 with all my , my great expert 350 00:14:56,690 --> 00:14:59,160 colleagues here in this field and to 351 00:14:59,160 --> 00:15:01,840 look at the various aspects of WPS . 352 00:15:01,840 --> 00:15:03,951 And I , again , I think we have a lot 353 00:15:03,951 --> 00:15:05,840 to learn here as we begin to move 354 00:15:05,840 --> 00:15:08,007 forward in implementing this . And you 355 00:15:08,007 --> 00:15:10,229 know , my role in my work in this , you 356 00:15:10,229 --> 00:15:12,340 know , over the last decade or so has 357 00:15:12,340 --> 00:15:14,396 really been as a researcher to bring 358 00:15:14,396 --> 00:15:16,451 some of the evidence to bear . And I 359 00:15:16,451 --> 00:15:18,340 think this is really important as 360 00:15:18,340 --> 00:15:20,562 leaders and decision makers in thinking 361 00:15:20,562 --> 00:15:22,618 about how they want to implement WPS 362 00:15:22,618 --> 00:15:24,618 and where and where we can have the 363 00:15:24,618 --> 00:15:26,729 most impact . I think the evidence is 364 00:15:26,729 --> 00:15:28,673 really important . The research is 365 00:15:28,673 --> 00:15:31,190 critical to moving forward in this and 366 00:15:31,190 --> 00:15:33,890 bringing in this case , both women and 367 00:15:33,890 --> 00:15:36,680 men together , we have to do this and 368 00:15:36,680 --> 00:15:38,680 thinking about how we implement the 369 00:15:38,680 --> 00:15:40,791 women peace and Security Act . So the 370 00:15:40,791 --> 00:15:43,013 research I've done again , I focused on 371 00:15:43,013 --> 00:15:45,830 how do we engage more men uh in doing 372 00:15:45,830 --> 00:15:47,663 this work and thinking about the 373 00:15:47,663 --> 00:15:49,870 implementation uh in various 374 00:15:49,870 --> 00:15:51,370 organizations at different 375 00:15:51,370 --> 00:15:53,537 organizational levels and why men need 376 00:15:53,537 --> 00:15:55,592 to be involved in understanding that 377 00:15:55,592 --> 00:15:57,814 this is not a women's issue , that this 378 00:15:57,814 --> 00:15:59,981 is a women's rights are human rights . 379 00:15:59,981 --> 00:16:02,092 And this is a national security needs 380 00:16:02,092 --> 00:16:04,092 to be looked at through the lens of 381 00:16:04,092 --> 00:16:06,148 gender and how that's critical . And 382 00:16:06,148 --> 00:16:05,830 you heard all , all the great research 383 00:16:05,830 --> 00:16:08,450 findings and the broader perspective 384 00:16:08,450 --> 00:16:10,672 and making sure that we keep that front 385 00:16:10,672 --> 00:16:12,839 and center in terms of how we're doing 386 00:16:12,839 --> 00:16:14,839 it . But to how we do it , it takes 387 00:16:14,839 --> 00:16:16,617 developing awareness , it takes 388 00:16:16,617 --> 00:16:18,617 education , takes training and this 389 00:16:18,617 --> 00:16:20,672 needs to happen at various levels of 390 00:16:20,672 --> 00:16:22,783 different organizations , both in the 391 00:16:22,783 --> 00:16:22,780 field and both from an educational 392 00:16:22,780 --> 00:16:25,002 setting . And so a lot of the work that 393 00:16:25,002 --> 00:16:26,780 I've done has been working with 394 00:16:26,780 --> 00:16:28,947 operational units in terms of thinking 395 00:16:28,947 --> 00:16:31,169 about how can they one of the practical 396 00:16:31,169 --> 00:16:33,391 ways that they can begin to think about 397 00:16:33,391 --> 00:16:35,613 changing and uh attitudes and educating 398 00:16:35,613 --> 00:16:37,724 leaders about why and how they can be 399 00:16:37,724 --> 00:16:39,836 most effective in doing this but also 400 00:16:39,836 --> 00:16:42,002 from an educational perspective in our 401 00:16:42,002 --> 00:16:44,224 school houses . So thinking about their 402 00:16:44,224 --> 00:16:46,447 professional military education , the P 403 00:16:46,447 --> 00:16:48,558 M E colleges out there and how are we 404 00:16:48,558 --> 00:16:50,669 implementing WPS integrating it ? Not 405 00:16:50,669 --> 00:16:52,891 as a unique course within RPM E because 406 00:16:52,891 --> 00:16:55,113 this needs to be something that is done 407 00:16:55,113 --> 00:16:57,224 throughout . And so finding the right 408 00:16:57,224 --> 00:16:59,058 case studies , finding the right 409 00:16:59,058 --> 00:17:01,280 authors , the right experts finding the 410 00:17:01,280 --> 00:17:01,070 ways to apply it in all the different 411 00:17:01,070 --> 00:17:03,240 given settings is critical to how we 412 00:17:03,240 --> 00:17:05,296 normalize this and make it a part of 413 00:17:05,296 --> 00:17:07,518 what we do every day in terms of how we 414 00:17:07,518 --> 00:17:09,351 view national security , looking 415 00:17:09,351 --> 00:17:11,518 forward to having a great conversation 416 00:17:11,518 --> 00:17:15,090 today . Thanks . Thank you , Dr Smith . 417 00:17:15,100 --> 00:17:17,230 You were right on with education and 418 00:17:17,230 --> 00:17:19,341 training . We believe that that's one 419 00:17:19,341 --> 00:17:21,508 of the first pillars to help implement 420 00:17:21,508 --> 00:17:23,730 GPS . Our last but not least Lieutenant 421 00:17:23,730 --> 00:17:25,786 Colonel Prudhoe , if you could share 422 00:17:25,786 --> 00:17:28,230 your role in WPS implementation . Thank 423 00:17:28,230 --> 00:17:31,190 you very much . So , yeah , I'm , as 424 00:17:31,190 --> 00:17:33,412 you're saying , Colonel Kathryn freed , 425 00:17:33,412 --> 00:17:35,634 I'm from the British military , but I'm 426 00:17:35,634 --> 00:17:38,240 working directly for NATO . So as a 427 00:17:38,250 --> 00:17:41,460 NATO military officer , um my role is 428 00:17:41,460 --> 00:17:43,290 the gender adviser in the main 429 00:17:43,290 --> 00:17:46,420 headquarters . So the NATO headquarters , 430 00:17:46,420 --> 00:17:48,650 what we do here is we develop policies 431 00:17:48,650 --> 00:17:50,928 and plans for all the different topics , 432 00:17:50,928 --> 00:17:53,039 all the different strategic threats . 433 00:17:53,039 --> 00:17:55,039 So that could be something from say 434 00:17:55,039 --> 00:17:59,030 terrorism to hybrid warfare could be 435 00:17:59,040 --> 00:18:01,560 emerging technologies to multi domain 436 00:18:01,560 --> 00:18:04,130 operations my role really is to work 437 00:18:04,130 --> 00:18:06,410 alongside the senior leadership to give 438 00:18:06,420 --> 00:18:08,090 the advice on what the gender 439 00:18:08,090 --> 00:18:09,979 perspective is in those different 440 00:18:09,979 --> 00:18:13,860 topics . Um My , I think 441 00:18:13,870 --> 00:18:16,210 one of the things that I do is actually 442 00:18:16,220 --> 00:18:18,331 sit alongside people or look at their 443 00:18:18,331 --> 00:18:20,498 documents and try and put it in , in a 444 00:18:20,498 --> 00:18:22,720 practical manner . But another thing is 445 00:18:22,720 --> 00:18:25,100 is actually building awareness more 446 00:18:25,100 --> 00:18:27,267 generally with the different people in 447 00:18:27,267 --> 00:18:30,230 this headquarters about what could be a 448 00:18:30,230 --> 00:18:32,240 military consideration in different 449 00:18:32,240 --> 00:18:35,770 topics . So one of the things I set up 450 00:18:35,770 --> 00:18:38,380 is monthly deep dive sessions , picking 451 00:18:38,380 --> 00:18:40,720 off different topics each month , it 452 00:18:40,720 --> 00:18:42,831 could be Children in armed conflict . 453 00:18:42,831 --> 00:18:45,053 What the gender perspective , how , how 454 00:18:45,053 --> 00:18:47,164 boys and girls affected differently , 455 00:18:47,164 --> 00:18:50,510 it could be um hybrid threats , you 456 00:18:50,510 --> 00:18:52,454 know , has gender disinformation , 457 00:18:52,454 --> 00:18:54,066 impacting women and Children 458 00:18:54,066 --> 00:18:57,180 differently from men . And then so what 459 00:18:57,180 --> 00:18:59,350 for NATO , you know , how , how we get 460 00:18:59,350 --> 00:19:01,628 what , what policies are coming up and , 461 00:19:01,628 --> 00:19:04,060 and how we might want to implement that . 462 00:19:04,580 --> 00:19:06,900 The other thing I do is hold nations to 463 00:19:06,900 --> 00:19:08,844 account , you know , so we have 30 464 00:19:08,844 --> 00:19:10,956 nations at the moment . What are they 465 00:19:10,956 --> 00:19:13,178 doing within their own nations ? What's 466 00:19:13,178 --> 00:19:15,233 their gender equality looking like ? 467 00:19:15,233 --> 00:19:17,511 How is their recruitment and retention ? 468 00:19:17,511 --> 00:19:19,511 What are their childcare benefits ? 469 00:19:19,511 --> 00:19:21,567 What are their harassment policies ? 470 00:19:21,567 --> 00:19:23,567 And we gather that data annually to 471 00:19:23,567 --> 00:19:25,733 make sure that people actually monitor 472 00:19:25,733 --> 00:19:27,956 that and , and , and obviously , that's 473 00:19:27,956 --> 00:19:30,011 very useful because then we can , we 474 00:19:30,011 --> 00:19:32,122 can see , you know , where we need to 475 00:19:32,122 --> 00:19:34,011 move forward So those are the key 476 00:19:34,011 --> 00:19:36,233 things that I do in my daily job here . 477 00:19:39,080 --> 00:19:41,460 Thank you , ma'am . Wow . It's just so 478 00:19:41,460 --> 00:19:43,571 amazing to hear all of the first ways 479 00:19:43,571 --> 00:19:45,571 you are personally implementing WPS 480 00:19:45,571 --> 00:19:47,870 initiatives . I mean , from legislation 481 00:19:47,870 --> 00:19:50,770 to research education and training , we 482 00:19:50,770 --> 00:19:52,937 really do have an all star panel doing 483 00:19:52,937 --> 00:19:55,430 great work to implement WPS . So again , 484 00:19:55,440 --> 00:19:57,773 on behalf of the Department's Air Force , 485 00:19:57,773 --> 00:19:59,940 thank you all for joining us today for 486 00:19:59,940 --> 00:20:01,996 now . The next question is to you Dr 487 00:20:01,996 --> 00:20:04,520 Graham as a leader in your field . You 488 00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:06,576 recently published an article titled 489 00:20:06,576 --> 00:20:08,409 the Irish Defense Forces and the 490 00:20:08,409 --> 00:20:10,353 silencing of a feminist researcher 491 00:20:10,353 --> 00:20:12,100 based on your struggles while 492 00:20:12,100 --> 00:20:14,156 conducting research . What would you 493 00:20:14,156 --> 00:20:16,156 say is the biggest hurdle women are 494 00:20:16,156 --> 00:20:18,211 currently facing in our armed forces 495 00:20:18,211 --> 00:20:20,211 regarding gender bias and how could 496 00:20:20,211 --> 00:20:22,100 these changes impact our military 497 00:20:22,100 --> 00:20:25,130 forces ? Thank you for that question . 498 00:20:25,140 --> 00:20:27,870 So that article was actually about my 499 00:20:27,870 --> 00:20:31,400 phd study which I conducted with equal 500 00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:33,810 numbers of , of women and men officers 501 00:20:33,810 --> 00:20:35,810 in the Irish defense Forces who are 502 00:20:35,810 --> 00:20:37,870 being deployed to U N peacekeeping 503 00:20:37,870 --> 00:20:41,560 missions . So WPS calls for more women 504 00:20:41,560 --> 00:20:43,900 peacekeepers to be sent on missions . 505 00:20:43,910 --> 00:20:47,200 And yet since 2000 , when U N Security 506 00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:49,570 Council resolution 13 25 was first 507 00:20:49,570 --> 00:20:52,080 adopted , The numbers have not 508 00:20:52,080 --> 00:20:54,970 increased a huge amount . So back then , 509 00:20:54,980 --> 00:20:58,480 only 1% of all military peacekeepers 510 00:20:58,480 --> 00:21:02,210 are women and now they make up 4.8% . 511 00:21:02,220 --> 00:21:05,480 But this is important because women 512 00:21:05,480 --> 00:21:08,230 peacekeepers can make a difference to a 513 00:21:08,230 --> 00:21:09,952 mission by making it much more 514 00:21:09,952 --> 00:21:12,230 accessible to local women , to to 515 00:21:12,230 --> 00:21:14,230 discuss their particular security , 516 00:21:14,230 --> 00:21:16,800 needs particularly in countries where 517 00:21:16,810 --> 00:21:19,600 due to cultural and religious norms , 518 00:21:19,700 --> 00:21:22,220 women are forbidden to speak to men , 519 00:21:22,230 --> 00:21:24,480 you know , from outside their tribe or 520 00:21:24,480 --> 00:21:26,780 outside their community . So having 521 00:21:26,780 --> 00:21:29,320 women soldiers at checkpoints and on 522 00:21:29,320 --> 00:21:32,110 patrols makes it easier for women to 523 00:21:32,110 --> 00:21:35,150 consult and engage with those missions . 524 00:21:35,640 --> 00:21:37,751 And you know , it's also important in 525 00:21:37,751 --> 00:21:40,150 terms of connecting with local women 526 00:21:40,150 --> 00:21:43,480 led organizations . But in terms of my 527 00:21:43,480 --> 00:21:45,258 particular experience during my 528 00:21:45,258 --> 00:21:47,370 research , I actually ended up 529 00:21:47,370 --> 00:21:50,260 experiencing the very gender biases . 530 00:21:50,320 --> 00:21:53,030 My research was revealing in the Irish 531 00:21:53,030 --> 00:21:55,770 defense forces . So what did that 532 00:21:55,770 --> 00:21:58,990 include that included for me experience 533 00:21:59,000 --> 00:22:01,920 of sexual harassment , bullying and 534 00:22:01,920 --> 00:22:04,030 various attempts to silence me as a 535 00:22:04,030 --> 00:22:06,760 researcher , for example , when 536 00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:09,490 conducting my field research in Kosovo , 537 00:22:09,500 --> 00:22:11,500 a male soldier followed me into the 538 00:22:11,500 --> 00:22:14,930 toilets and exposed himself to me . And 539 00:22:14,930 --> 00:22:17,240 later when presenting my research at a 540 00:22:17,240 --> 00:22:19,880 conference , the very same woman 541 00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:22,150 officer who had said to me privately 542 00:22:22,230 --> 00:22:24,341 that she agreed with every word in my 543 00:22:24,341 --> 00:22:27,950 phd thesis stood up and publicly 544 00:22:27,950 --> 00:22:30,170 attempted to discredit my research 545 00:22:30,170 --> 00:22:32,120 findings in front of her male 546 00:22:32,120 --> 00:22:35,100 commanders and senior diplomats . 547 00:22:35,960 --> 00:22:38,230 This was really devastating for me , 548 00:22:38,240 --> 00:22:41,250 both personally and professionally . So 549 00:22:41,250 --> 00:22:43,472 I really wanted to write about that and 550 00:22:43,472 --> 00:22:45,694 all the different kind of complications 551 00:22:45,694 --> 00:22:48,110 around conducting feminist research in 552 00:22:48,110 --> 00:22:50,420 military institutions . There were many 553 00:22:50,420 --> 00:22:52,587 more examples in the paper , if you're 554 00:22:52,587 --> 00:22:54,809 interested , go ahead and read it , but 555 00:22:54,809 --> 00:22:57,087 I'm not going to recount them all here . 556 00:22:57,087 --> 00:22:59,253 But essentially what these experiences 557 00:22:59,253 --> 00:23:01,364 did was they gave me a deeper insight 558 00:23:01,364 --> 00:23:03,531 into the many subtle and not so subtle 559 00:23:03,531 --> 00:23:05,970 ways that women are silenced and male 560 00:23:05,970 --> 00:23:08,980 dominated institutions . And and really 561 00:23:08,980 --> 00:23:11,147 helped me understand how gender biases 562 00:23:11,147 --> 00:23:13,036 have deep roots and militaries in 563 00:23:13,036 --> 00:23:16,330 particular . So everything from sexual 564 00:23:16,330 --> 00:23:20,070 innuendoes , sexist jokes , bullying 565 00:23:20,080 --> 00:23:22,480 name calling right through to sexual 566 00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:25,410 harassment and sexual assaults . When 567 00:23:25,410 --> 00:23:27,420 women and gender minorities who are 568 00:23:27,420 --> 00:23:30,270 also victims of these types of biases 569 00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:32,447 and gender based violence is when they 570 00:23:32,447 --> 00:23:34,669 complain , I found that they were often 571 00:23:34,669 --> 00:23:36,836 told that they just didn't have a good 572 00:23:36,836 --> 00:23:38,780 sense of humor that they needed to 573 00:23:38,780 --> 00:23:40,947 toughen up that they were in the wrong 574 00:23:40,947 --> 00:23:42,891 job or that they were in the wrong 575 00:23:42,891 --> 00:23:45,360 institution . So , you know , why does 576 00:23:45,360 --> 00:23:47,416 all that matter ? You know , because 577 00:23:47,416 --> 00:23:49,810 when it comes to , you know , women's 578 00:23:49,810 --> 00:23:52,170 human rights and women being able to 579 00:23:52,170 --> 00:23:54,930 participate , participate in security 580 00:23:54,940 --> 00:23:57,280 and the security sector and security 581 00:23:57,280 --> 00:23:59,710 institutions , it's important obviously 582 00:23:59,720 --> 00:24:02,030 that those institutions are safe places 583 00:24:02,030 --> 00:24:05,240 for them to work and when it comes to 584 00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:08,320 wps and the impact it could have on our 585 00:24:08,320 --> 00:24:11,270 forces . Well , WPS shines a light on 586 00:24:11,270 --> 00:24:13,381 women's historical exclusion from the 587 00:24:13,381 --> 00:24:15,930 security sector and it focuses on those 588 00:24:15,930 --> 00:24:18,030 very particular barriers to women's 589 00:24:18,030 --> 00:24:20,920 inclusion . And you know , these gender 590 00:24:20,920 --> 00:24:24,130 biases and misogyny which gets woven 591 00:24:24,140 --> 00:24:27,380 into cultures within militaries and 592 00:24:27,380 --> 00:24:29,730 becomes normalized . So what is 593 00:24:29,730 --> 00:24:31,730 misogyny ? You know , misogyny is a 594 00:24:31,730 --> 00:24:34,570 system of policing and enforcing female 595 00:24:34,570 --> 00:24:37,910 subordination and male dominance . 596 00:24:37,920 --> 00:24:40,800 So it's important to expose these and 597 00:24:40,800 --> 00:24:43,350 to talk about these and how they impact 598 00:24:43,360 --> 00:24:45,780 cultures and institutions . And not 599 00:24:45,780 --> 00:24:48,002 surprisingly , women don't want to work 600 00:24:48,002 --> 00:24:50,113 in institutions where they don't feel 601 00:24:50,113 --> 00:24:52,113 valued or where they're not equally 602 00:24:52,113 --> 00:24:54,169 treated . And if we don't have women 603 00:24:54,169 --> 00:24:57,110 joining institutions , then we're not 604 00:24:57,110 --> 00:24:58,999 gonna , it's not gonna be easy to 605 00:24:58,999 --> 00:25:00,999 recruit to retrain women to promote 606 00:25:00,999 --> 00:25:03,220 women up through the ranks . We're not 607 00:25:03,220 --> 00:25:05,650 gonna have egalitarian institutions . 608 00:25:05,660 --> 00:25:07,604 And going back to the point I made 609 00:25:07,604 --> 00:25:09,549 earlier about women's rights being 610 00:25:09,549 --> 00:25:11,604 linked to national and international 611 00:25:11,604 --> 00:25:13,827 security , then we're just not going to 612 00:25:13,827 --> 00:25:15,938 have gender equitable institutions or 613 00:25:15,938 --> 00:25:18,730 gender equitable societies . So really , 614 00:25:18,730 --> 00:25:21,510 this is , this is true here in the US 615 00:25:21,520 --> 00:25:24,350 as well as it is in other militaries 616 00:25:24,350 --> 00:25:26,517 and in other countries . So we need to 617 00:25:26,517 --> 00:25:29,340 examine our own institutional cultures 618 00:25:29,350 --> 00:25:31,128 as well as those in the partner 619 00:25:31,128 --> 00:25:33,183 countries that we are working with . 620 00:25:33,183 --> 00:25:35,294 You know , because if we don't change 621 00:25:35,294 --> 00:25:37,970 military culture at home and then we're 622 00:25:37,970 --> 00:25:39,692 not going to be able to really 623 00:25:39,692 --> 00:25:41,581 influence , you know , how we can 624 00:25:41,581 --> 00:25:43,526 include or increase the numbers of 625 00:25:43,526 --> 00:25:46,260 women in other militaries and partner 626 00:25:46,260 --> 00:25:48,940 organizations . And just finally to say , 627 00:25:48,940 --> 00:25:51,410 in terms of , you know , the the and 628 00:25:51,410 --> 00:25:53,743 I'm going to talk about more , you know , 629 00:25:53,743 --> 00:25:55,854 this a little bit further as we go on 630 00:25:55,854 --> 00:25:58,077 through the conversation . But in terms 631 00:25:58,077 --> 00:26:00,243 of operational effectiveness , just in 632 00:26:00,243 --> 00:26:02,410 terms of , you know , really practical 633 00:26:02,410 --> 00:26:04,632 things going back to that point , if we 634 00:26:04,632 --> 00:26:06,743 don't have more women in militaries , 635 00:26:06,743 --> 00:26:08,920 then we're limited in terms of , you 636 00:26:08,920 --> 00:26:11,590 know , being able to engage with all of 637 00:26:11,590 --> 00:26:14,170 the population in whichever country it 638 00:26:14,170 --> 00:26:16,003 is that we're operating in . For 639 00:26:16,003 --> 00:26:18,226 example , you know , the research shows 640 00:26:18,226 --> 00:26:20,226 that when it comes to preventing or 641 00:26:20,226 --> 00:26:22,560 countering violent extremism that there 642 00:26:22,560 --> 00:26:24,782 have been times when women were allowed 643 00:26:24,782 --> 00:26:27,160 to cross through checkpoints and , you 644 00:26:27,160 --> 00:26:29,460 know , without being searched . And 645 00:26:29,460 --> 00:26:32,200 because in particular cultural context , 646 00:26:32,210 --> 00:26:34,330 it's taboo obviously for women to be 647 00:26:34,330 --> 00:26:36,880 searched and by men that would be 648 00:26:36,880 --> 00:26:38,980 totally culturally insensitive and 649 00:26:38,980 --> 00:26:41,540 inappropriate . So when we have women 650 00:26:41,550 --> 00:26:43,760 at those checkpoints and on those 651 00:26:43,760 --> 00:26:46,080 patrols , we can create these 652 00:26:46,080 --> 00:26:48,810 culturally sensitive ways of searching 653 00:26:48,820 --> 00:26:52,240 everybody in that community and making 654 00:26:52,240 --> 00:26:54,620 sure that we're creating safety for 655 00:26:54,620 --> 00:26:57,040 everybody as well . So there are just 656 00:26:57,040 --> 00:26:59,207 some examples from my own research and 657 00:26:59,207 --> 00:27:01,151 that particular paper you asked me 658 00:27:01,151 --> 00:27:05,070 about . Thank you . Thank 659 00:27:05,070 --> 00:27:06,848 you so much for that thoughtful 660 00:27:06,848 --> 00:27:10,510 response , Dr Graham Wow . Alright . 661 00:27:10,520 --> 00:27:12,687 I'd like to turn it over to Lieutenant 662 00:27:12,687 --> 00:27:15,020 Colonel Prudhoe . For our next question . 663 00:27:15,020 --> 00:27:17,131 Your military career includes working 664 00:27:17,131 --> 00:27:19,131 with NATO partners deploying on U N 665 00:27:19,131 --> 00:27:21,076 missions as the NATO International 666 00:27:21,076 --> 00:27:23,020 Military Staff , gender adviser in 667 00:27:23,020 --> 00:27:25,100 Brussels . Can you share how WPS 668 00:27:25,110 --> 00:27:27,090 implementation , assist the 669 00:27:27,090 --> 00:27:28,868 international military staff in 670 00:27:28,868 --> 00:27:31,034 achieving its operational objectives ? 671 00:27:31,034 --> 00:27:33,090 And what type of skills or expertise 672 00:27:33,090 --> 00:27:35,146 should a successful gender adviser , 673 00:27:35,146 --> 00:27:37,620 gender focal point for WPS practitioner 674 00:27:37,620 --> 00:27:39,509 possessed in the military today ? 675 00:27:41,290 --> 00:27:43,880 Thank you . So yes , I must like to 676 00:27:43,890 --> 00:27:46,190 echo what , what Dr Graham just said 677 00:27:46,190 --> 00:27:48,340 about operational effectiveness . You 678 00:27:48,340 --> 00:27:50,710 know , I'm convinced it's absolutely 679 00:27:50,710 --> 00:27:53,160 important because we need to , you know , 680 00:27:53,160 --> 00:27:55,950 we've got the future of warfare 681 00:27:55,960 --> 00:27:57,627 absolutely involves the human 682 00:27:57,627 --> 00:27:59,738 environment and we need to be able to 683 00:27:59,738 --> 00:28:01,904 sense and respond appropriately and go 684 00:28:01,904 --> 00:28:03,904 into more detail on one of the next 685 00:28:03,904 --> 00:28:06,071 questions . But I think in order to be 686 00:28:06,071 --> 00:28:08,182 able to do that really agenda advisor 687 00:28:08,182 --> 00:28:11,970 or someone working within WPS um needs 688 00:28:11,970 --> 00:28:14,720 to have the , you know , the the 689 00:28:14,730 --> 00:28:17,630 intellectual understanding of , you 690 00:28:17,630 --> 00:28:20,890 know , why we need to look at the the 691 00:28:20,890 --> 00:28:23,530 operational environment and from a sort 692 00:28:23,530 --> 00:28:25,308 of male , female boys and girls 693 00:28:25,308 --> 00:28:27,419 perspective , how conflict can affect 694 00:28:27,419 --> 00:28:29,586 people differently . You know , people 695 00:28:29,586 --> 00:28:31,641 say to me , oh well , climate change 696 00:28:31,641 --> 00:28:33,752 affects everybody . So why do we need 697 00:28:33,752 --> 00:28:35,697 to look at why it women because it 698 00:28:35,697 --> 00:28:37,919 affects men as well . But to be able to 699 00:28:37,919 --> 00:28:40,086 understand the disproportionate impact 700 00:28:40,086 --> 00:28:42,252 takes a certain leap to understand the 701 00:28:42,252 --> 00:28:44,363 second order effects of the fact that 702 00:28:44,363 --> 00:28:46,363 maybe women are looking after young 703 00:28:46,363 --> 00:28:48,197 Children so they can't escape so 704 00:28:48,197 --> 00:28:50,419 quickly from a natural disaster or they 705 00:28:50,419 --> 00:28:52,363 don't have the means the financial 706 00:28:52,363 --> 00:28:54,363 means to be able to get away . So I 707 00:28:54,363 --> 00:28:56,419 think having that , you know , being 708 00:28:56,419 --> 00:28:58,586 able to make that connection is really 709 00:28:58,586 --> 00:29:00,980 important . Um and also to understand 710 00:29:00,990 --> 00:29:03,090 the difference between women , peace 711 00:29:03,090 --> 00:29:05,620 and security , gender equality , gender 712 00:29:05,620 --> 00:29:08,350 perspectives . It's a whole academic 713 00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:11,060 area where as a military person , you 714 00:29:11,060 --> 00:29:13,282 may be given a two week course and then 715 00:29:13,282 --> 00:29:15,616 told to go and do a job or you may have , 716 00:29:15,616 --> 00:29:17,616 you know , just , just be told that 717 00:29:17,616 --> 00:29:17,430 you're not a gender focal point to get 718 00:29:17,430 --> 00:29:20,010 on with it . So I think it's quite , it 719 00:29:20,010 --> 00:29:22,820 is quite a complicated an area which , 720 00:29:22,830 --> 00:29:25,190 which as you , you know , as we've 721 00:29:25,190 --> 00:29:27,890 shown on this panel , um it needs a lot 722 00:29:27,890 --> 00:29:31,070 of expertise and research . So in terms 723 00:29:31,070 --> 00:29:35,060 of sort of key attributes , I would say , 724 00:29:35,070 --> 00:29:37,181 the first one I would say is patients 725 00:29:37,181 --> 00:29:39,348 because a lot of people just don't get 726 00:29:39,348 --> 00:29:41,514 it . And so , you know , to go into an 727 00:29:41,514 --> 00:29:43,590 area where people , it could become 728 00:29:43,590 --> 00:29:45,812 very frustrating . And I think actually 729 00:29:45,812 --> 00:29:47,590 people are genuinely wanting to 730 00:29:47,590 --> 00:29:50,060 understand so to go in with patients 731 00:29:50,060 --> 00:29:52,060 and , and to be prepared to explain 732 00:29:52,060 --> 00:29:54,680 again and again , why it's important , 733 00:29:54,750 --> 00:29:57,290 that's , that's a key thing . And then 734 00:29:57,290 --> 00:29:59,512 the second thing I was thinking of ways 735 00:29:59,512 --> 00:30:03,160 to have an open mind , air and space 736 00:30:03,160 --> 00:30:05,640 power . That's what the symposium is 737 00:30:05,640 --> 00:30:08,480 about . It's a , you know , space is a 738 00:30:08,480 --> 00:30:11,400 fairly new domain to everybody . When I 739 00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:13,289 first arrived at NATO , I thought 740 00:30:13,289 --> 00:30:15,460 goodness , that's what has gender got 741 00:30:15,460 --> 00:30:17,910 to do with all these different topics 742 00:30:17,910 --> 00:30:21,000 at NATO . Um And then , you know , then 743 00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:23,278 you start digging and realizing , well , 744 00:30:23,278 --> 00:30:25,167 it's , it's everywhere it affects 745 00:30:25,167 --> 00:30:27,333 everything . And I was just thinking , 746 00:30:27,333 --> 00:30:29,389 you know , what has gender got to do 747 00:30:29,389 --> 00:30:31,810 with air and space power ? Well , we're 748 00:30:31,810 --> 00:30:34,032 thinking about the second order effects 749 00:30:34,032 --> 00:30:36,970 non kinetic effects if we're thinking 750 00:30:36,970 --> 00:30:40,840 about targeting . Um just recently , 751 00:30:40,840 --> 00:30:43,062 actually , in the last week , we've got 752 00:30:43,062 --> 00:30:45,173 a new gender focal point for the Japs 753 00:30:45,173 --> 00:30:46,896 see which is a Joint Air Power 754 00:30:46,896 --> 00:30:49,780 Competence Center at NATO . Um So brand 755 00:30:49,780 --> 00:30:53,240 new and mail and you know , we're just 756 00:30:53,250 --> 00:30:55,250 starting these discussions around . 757 00:30:55,250 --> 00:30:57,472 Well , what's the gender perspective on 758 00:30:57,472 --> 00:30:59,528 artificial intelligence , autonomous 759 00:30:59,528 --> 00:31:01,361 weapons is and weapons systems , 760 00:31:01,361 --> 00:31:03,480 cognitive bias in artificial 761 00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:06,060 intelligence , hypersonic , you know , 762 00:31:06,070 --> 00:31:08,300 these areas which are , you know , 763 00:31:08,300 --> 00:31:10,522 we're really stretching into the future 764 00:31:10,522 --> 00:31:12,744 in terms of technology and then putting 765 00:31:12,744 --> 00:31:14,856 the gender perspective on top of it , 766 00:31:14,856 --> 00:31:16,856 you know , so I think being able to 767 00:31:16,856 --> 00:31:18,800 have an open mind and really think 768 00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:18,670 outside the box is also really 769 00:31:18,670 --> 00:31:20,337 important . I'll stop there . 770 00:31:23,690 --> 00:31:25,857 Thank you so much for that insight and 771 00:31:25,857 --> 00:31:28,079 sharing those key attributes . If I had 772 00:31:28,079 --> 00:31:30,190 more time , I really wanted to digest 773 00:31:30,190 --> 00:31:32,134 Dr Graham's response as well . But 774 00:31:32,134 --> 00:31:34,301 thank you both for , for responding to 775 00:31:34,301 --> 00:31:37,950 that . My next question is for Dr Smith , 776 00:31:37,960 --> 00:31:40,016 a common misconception about women , 777 00:31:40,016 --> 00:31:41,960 peace and security is that it only 778 00:31:41,960 --> 00:31:44,850 impacts women . Our male allies are 779 00:31:44,850 --> 00:31:46,906 critical in supporting and promoting 780 00:31:46,906 --> 00:31:48,794 gender perspectives and peace and 781 00:31:48,794 --> 00:31:50,850 security initiatives . And as the co 782 00:31:50,850 --> 00:31:52,961 author of Athena Rising . How and why 783 00:31:52,961 --> 00:31:55,128 men ship Mentor Women , which made the 784 00:31:55,128 --> 00:31:57,294 Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force 785 00:31:57,294 --> 00:31:59,239 Leadership Library reading list in 786 00:31:59,239 --> 00:32:01,350 October of 2022 . Can you share a few 787 00:32:01,350 --> 00:32:03,950 takeaways about mentorship and why we 788 00:32:03,950 --> 00:32:07,920 need men in this space ? Happy to do 789 00:32:07,920 --> 00:32:10,370 that . And I think building on what Dr 790 00:32:10,370 --> 00:32:12,537 Graham and Colonel we're talking about 791 00:32:12,537 --> 00:32:15,110 here in terms of the change that we're 792 00:32:15,110 --> 00:32:17,710 looking for and how we're gonna do that 793 00:32:17,720 --> 00:32:20,060 to overcome a lot of these challenges . 794 00:32:20,070 --> 00:32:22,860 We , we have got to begin to work on 795 00:32:22,870 --> 00:32:25,210 how do we bring men along as well 796 00:32:25,220 --> 00:32:27,442 because we're , we are , we are part of 797 00:32:27,442 --> 00:32:29,680 the problem and , and maybe if not the 798 00:32:29,680 --> 00:32:32,460 whole problem in some cases . So how do 799 00:32:32,460 --> 00:32:35,210 we , how do we work to start creating 800 00:32:35,210 --> 00:32:37,432 that ? It is cultural change , but just 801 00:32:37,432 --> 00:32:39,654 hard work . And , and we're not talking 802 00:32:39,654 --> 00:32:41,599 about just organizational cultural 803 00:32:41,599 --> 00:32:43,488 change . We're also talking about 804 00:32:43,488 --> 00:32:45,599 societal cultural change and regional 805 00:32:45,599 --> 00:32:47,654 change as well . So , I mean , these 806 00:32:47,654 --> 00:32:49,766 are big broad challenges that we have 807 00:32:49,766 --> 00:32:51,766 to face and they're not easy and it 808 00:32:51,766 --> 00:32:53,877 does take a lot of changing of hearts 809 00:32:53,877 --> 00:32:56,043 and minds and beginning to think about 810 00:32:56,043 --> 00:32:55,920 where can we have the most impact with 811 00:32:55,920 --> 00:32:58,460 that ? And one of things we do know is 812 00:32:58,460 --> 00:33:01,050 that the more contact we have , the 813 00:33:01,050 --> 00:33:04,650 more interaction we have . Um and , and 814 00:33:04,650 --> 00:33:06,539 thinking about this from a gender 815 00:33:06,539 --> 00:33:08,317 perspective and a binary gender 816 00:33:08,317 --> 00:33:10,428 perspective of men as men and women , 817 00:33:10,428 --> 00:33:12,594 the more likely we are to begin to see 818 00:33:12,594 --> 00:33:12,590 each other as peers and to begin to 819 00:33:12,590 --> 00:33:14,590 value each other . See each other's 820 00:33:14,590 --> 00:33:16,812 expertise and competence and how we can 821 00:33:16,812 --> 00:33:19,410 begin to move and shift the needle very , 822 00:33:19,420 --> 00:33:22,130 very quickly in terms in terms of how 823 00:33:22,130 --> 00:33:24,310 to implement things like women , peace 824 00:33:24,310 --> 00:33:26,254 and security , I think right now , 825 00:33:26,254 --> 00:33:28,254 there's , there's probably a lot of 826 00:33:28,254 --> 00:33:30,254 lack of understanding and awareness 827 00:33:30,254 --> 00:33:32,421 here . And so to begin to develop some 828 00:33:32,421 --> 00:33:34,588 more of the interaction we started and 829 00:33:34,588 --> 00:33:36,699 the research we did for Athena rising 830 00:33:36,699 --> 00:33:38,921 by thinking about what are the everyday 831 00:33:38,921 --> 00:33:41,088 interactions within organizations that 832 00:33:41,088 --> 00:33:43,310 are in valuing and helping to advance , 833 00:33:43,310 --> 00:33:45,532 promote , retain our talent . And , and 834 00:33:45,532 --> 00:33:47,760 that means women and men and , and 835 00:33:47,760 --> 00:33:49,816 mentoring and sponsoring advocacy is 836 00:33:49,816 --> 00:33:51,982 certainly those kinds of developmental 837 00:33:51,982 --> 00:33:53,982 relationships are key . And we know 838 00:33:53,982 --> 00:33:56,093 that's important for moving people up 839 00:33:56,093 --> 00:33:58,316 through the organization so that we can 840 00:33:58,316 --> 00:34:00,482 have women's voices in the same spaces 841 00:34:00,482 --> 00:34:00,370 where men's voices are . So there's 842 00:34:00,380 --> 00:34:02,790 equal representation as partners in 843 00:34:02,790 --> 00:34:05,010 this work . And so we set out to do 844 00:34:05,010 --> 00:34:07,343 that . And it's interesting to see that , 845 00:34:07,343 --> 00:34:09,510 you know , mentoring , we know that is 846 00:34:09,510 --> 00:34:11,732 often the the advantages of this , we , 847 00:34:11,732 --> 00:34:13,899 we tend to our be affected by affinity 848 00:34:13,899 --> 00:34:15,843 bias and we tend to flock to those 849 00:34:15,843 --> 00:34:17,732 people who look like us for , for 850 00:34:17,732 --> 00:34:19,899 mentoring and sponsoring an advocacy . 851 00:34:19,899 --> 00:34:22,680 And the challenge with that is that for 852 00:34:22,690 --> 00:34:24,912 minority groups and , and many national 853 00:34:24,912 --> 00:34:26,968 security organizations including the 854 00:34:26,968 --> 00:34:29,301 military , that they're just , you know , 855 00:34:29,301 --> 00:34:31,357 there aren't enough senior women out 856 00:34:31,357 --> 00:34:33,412 there to mentor all the junior women 857 00:34:33,412 --> 00:34:35,468 that are being recruited in . And we 858 00:34:35,468 --> 00:34:35,190 are doing a much better job of 859 00:34:35,190 --> 00:34:38,150 recruiting these days of talented women 860 00:34:38,150 --> 00:34:40,830 coming in . So if women are often told 861 00:34:40,830 --> 00:34:42,941 when they get to their units to hey , 862 00:34:42,941 --> 00:34:44,941 go find a mentor . And so they look 863 00:34:44,941 --> 00:34:47,108 around for senior women and they don't 864 00:34:47,108 --> 00:34:49,386 find any or they're not enough of them . 865 00:34:49,386 --> 00:34:51,719 And it's really not fair to ask all the , 866 00:34:51,719 --> 00:34:51,430 you know , the handful of senior women 867 00:34:51,430 --> 00:34:53,652 in the organization to mentor all these 868 00:34:53,652 --> 00:34:55,541 junior women because guess what ? 869 00:34:55,541 --> 00:34:57,652 They're just , they don't have , they 870 00:34:57,652 --> 00:34:59,208 have day jobs and they have 871 00:34:59,208 --> 00:35:01,263 responsibilities and they can't just 872 00:35:01,263 --> 00:35:01,060 spend the entire time mentoring women . 873 00:35:01,070 --> 00:35:03,210 So we as men have to be involved in 874 00:35:03,210 --> 00:35:05,210 doing this work as well . The other 875 00:35:05,210 --> 00:35:07,432 thing we know is that again , everybody 876 00:35:07,432 --> 00:35:09,377 benefits from mentoring and career 877 00:35:09,377 --> 00:35:11,950 development in this way . Um But when 878 00:35:11,960 --> 00:35:14,800 women are mentored by men , we find 879 00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:16,967 when they have these male mentors that 880 00:35:16,967 --> 00:35:18,800 they have more promotions , more 881 00:35:18,800 --> 00:35:21,022 advancement , they make more money in , 882 00:35:21,022 --> 00:35:23,133 in the outside world as well . And so 883 00:35:23,133 --> 00:35:22,940 there's all these benefits that come 884 00:35:22,940 --> 00:35:25,510 with that . And I think just one of the 885 00:35:25,510 --> 00:35:27,621 things to be very clear about is that 886 00:35:27,621 --> 00:35:29,732 that's not because men are better men 887 00:35:29,732 --> 00:35:31,843 to that just that's a function of the 888 00:35:31,843 --> 00:35:33,954 fact that we are in more likely to be 889 00:35:33,954 --> 00:35:36,121 in senior leadership roles , positions 890 00:35:36,121 --> 00:35:38,121 of power , positions of influence , 891 00:35:38,121 --> 00:35:40,454 where we can , we can make a difference , 892 00:35:40,454 --> 00:35:42,677 we can pull them into our networks , we 893 00:35:42,677 --> 00:35:44,788 can advocate for them , we can help , 894 00:35:44,788 --> 00:35:46,899 you know , in the ways that we do for 895 00:35:46,899 --> 00:35:49,121 other men , we can do this for women as 896 00:35:49,121 --> 00:35:51,343 well . So , but it's really important , 897 00:35:51,343 --> 00:35:53,343 I think to think about the kinds of 898 00:35:53,343 --> 00:35:55,343 relationships that we have in doing 899 00:35:55,343 --> 00:35:57,454 this . And one of the great things we 900 00:35:57,454 --> 00:35:59,454 find is that instead of more of the 901 00:35:59,454 --> 00:35:59,170 more traditional and you would think of 902 00:35:59,170 --> 00:36:00,892 this in the military , kind of 903 00:36:00,892 --> 00:36:03,000 hierarchical relationships of what 904 00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:05,430 mentoring might be . And the fact that 905 00:36:05,430 --> 00:36:07,652 your , maybe your mentor , somebody you 906 00:36:07,652 --> 00:36:09,763 look up to is somebody who's going to 907 00:36:09,763 --> 00:36:11,930 give you this great advice . It's kind 908 00:36:11,930 --> 00:36:13,930 of a one way conversation , just do 909 00:36:13,930 --> 00:36:13,500 what they tell you to do and things 910 00:36:13,500 --> 00:36:15,444 will be wonderful . You follow the 911 00:36:15,444 --> 00:36:17,500 golden path . Well , reality is that 912 00:36:17,500 --> 00:36:19,970 the best relationships and mentoring 913 00:36:19,970 --> 00:36:22,580 and sponsoring really are reciprocal . 914 00:36:22,580 --> 00:36:24,747 They're much more mutual , they're not 915 00:36:24,747 --> 00:36:26,636 so power laid in hierarchical and 916 00:36:26,636 --> 00:36:28,691 there's a lot of great learning that 917 00:36:28,691 --> 00:36:30,913 goes both directions . And we certainly 918 00:36:30,913 --> 00:36:32,969 found this in our own research where 919 00:36:32,969 --> 00:36:35,080 senior men who are mentoring , junior 920 00:36:35,080 --> 00:36:37,136 women in this case across industries 921 00:36:37,136 --> 00:36:38,913 and professions , including the 922 00:36:38,913 --> 00:36:40,913 military that they enjoyed benefits 923 00:36:40,913 --> 00:36:42,802 when they were in more reciprocal 924 00:36:42,802 --> 00:36:45,024 relationships and things like increased 925 00:36:45,024 --> 00:36:47,024 access to information , make better 926 00:36:47,024 --> 00:36:49,080 decisions . They could have had more 927 00:36:49,080 --> 00:36:51,302 diverse networks again , being involved 928 00:36:51,302 --> 00:36:53,400 in something like W P S really 929 00:36:53,400 --> 00:36:55,800 important to be integrated into these 930 00:36:55,800 --> 00:36:57,800 various different kinds of networks 931 00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:00,130 inside and outside your organization 932 00:37:00,140 --> 00:37:02,084 and they have better interpersonal 933 00:37:02,084 --> 00:37:04,270 skills . So better empathy hiring q 934 00:37:04,270 --> 00:37:06,160 better communication skills , all 935 00:37:06,160 --> 00:37:08,327 things that made them better leaders . 936 00:37:08,327 --> 00:37:10,493 But , you know , at the end of the day 937 00:37:10,493 --> 00:37:10,360 that those are things that they get to 938 00:37:10,360 --> 00:37:12,416 take home with them too and it makes 939 00:37:12,416 --> 00:37:14,416 them better partners and parents as 940 00:37:14,416 --> 00:37:16,027 well . And so we think about 941 00:37:16,027 --> 00:37:18,138 socializing this on a broader scale , 942 00:37:18,138 --> 00:37:20,416 we have to think about that eventually , 943 00:37:20,416 --> 00:37:22,304 the societal way too . We do this 944 00:37:22,304 --> 00:37:24,527 awareness and impact . So mentoring and 945 00:37:24,527 --> 00:37:26,693 sponsoring an advocacy was really just 946 00:37:26,693 --> 00:37:28,860 kind of an entry into this world . And 947 00:37:28,860 --> 00:37:30,971 the current work that we're doing now 948 00:37:30,971 --> 00:37:33,138 focuses more broadly on how do we show 949 00:37:33,138 --> 00:37:35,193 up as allies and advocates and doing 950 00:37:35,193 --> 00:37:35,170 this work ? And again , seeing each 951 00:37:35,170 --> 00:37:37,114 other as equal partners and things 952 00:37:37,114 --> 00:37:39,281 outside of developmental relationships 953 00:37:39,281 --> 00:37:41,003 and just his colleagues in the 954 00:37:41,003 --> 00:37:44,940 workplace . Thank you , 955 00:37:44,940 --> 00:37:47,310 Dr Smith . I know a lot of our airmen 956 00:37:47,310 --> 00:37:49,254 guardians and other attendees will 957 00:37:49,254 --> 00:37:51,310 really appreciate the perspective of 958 00:37:51,310 --> 00:37:53,588 having a male ally in this domain . So , 959 00:37:53,588 --> 00:37:55,550 so thank you for your response . I 960 00:37:55,550 --> 00:37:58,670 turned over to Dr Hawkins as the agency 961 00:37:58,670 --> 00:38:01,330 lead on WPS for U S A I D . You have a 962 00:38:01,330 --> 00:38:03,108 lot of international experience 963 00:38:03,108 --> 00:38:05,770 implementing WPS objectives . What key 964 00:38:05,770 --> 00:38:07,840 differences do you see in WPS 965 00:38:07,850 --> 00:38:10,270 implementation in the US versus other 966 00:38:10,270 --> 00:38:12,380 countries around the globe ? And can 967 00:38:12,380 --> 00:38:14,102 you share any examples or best 968 00:38:14,102 --> 00:38:16,160 practices of wps in action ? 969 00:38:18,270 --> 00:38:21,210 Yes , absolutely . And I would state 970 00:38:21,210 --> 00:38:23,600 the most obvious difference is that our 971 00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:26,410 country itself does not have a domestic 972 00:38:26,410 --> 00:38:28,521 national action plan on women , peace 973 00:38:28,521 --> 00:38:30,577 and security . So some of the issues 974 00:38:30,577 --> 00:38:32,940 that Dr Smith and Dr Graham and 975 00:38:32,940 --> 00:38:35,162 Lieutenant Trudeau was talking about is 976 00:38:35,162 --> 00:38:37,329 because we don't , we haven't actually 977 00:38:37,329 --> 00:38:39,384 institutionalized this as a domestic 978 00:38:39,384 --> 00:38:41,273 agenda . This is a foreign policy 979 00:38:41,273 --> 00:38:43,329 agenda where we help other countries 980 00:38:43,329 --> 00:38:45,440 implement their national action plans 981 00:38:45,440 --> 00:38:48,110 and commitments to U N S E R 13 25 . So 982 00:38:48,110 --> 00:38:50,640 we haven't taken a really hard honest 983 00:38:50,640 --> 00:38:53,240 look at our own kind of participation 984 00:38:53,240 --> 00:38:55,184 efforts , how we protect women and 985 00:38:55,184 --> 00:38:57,296 girls in this country , etcetera . So 986 00:38:57,296 --> 00:38:59,518 that's the most obvious difference . Um 987 00:38:59,518 --> 00:39:01,684 With our , our national action plan is 988 00:39:01,684 --> 00:39:03,990 a foreign policy initiative . Um I 989 00:39:03,990 --> 00:39:05,990 would say in terms of our bilateral 990 00:39:05,990 --> 00:39:09,390 countries and European nations um and 991 00:39:09,400 --> 00:39:11,456 others who also have national action 992 00:39:11,456 --> 00:39:13,289 plans on one piece security . We 993 00:39:13,289 --> 00:39:15,400 loosely all follow the same rubric of 994 00:39:15,400 --> 00:39:17,880 13 25 in terms of our implementation 995 00:39:17,880 --> 00:39:20,400 efforts . But I think , you know , for 996 00:39:20,410 --> 00:39:22,577 the U S in particular will just give a 997 00:39:22,577 --> 00:39:24,990 few best practices that has made , you 998 00:39:24,990 --> 00:39:28,000 know , our implementation A little bit 999 00:39:28,010 --> 00:39:31,820 easier um for the very big vast amount 1000 00:39:31,820 --> 00:39:33,840 of government resources that are 1001 00:39:33,840 --> 00:39:36,350 dedicated to this initiative . One is 1002 00:39:36,350 --> 00:39:38,820 dedicated funding and I think that is 1003 00:39:38,820 --> 00:39:41,040 important , right ? You have to , you 1004 00:39:41,040 --> 00:39:43,096 actually have to follow the money is 1005 00:39:43,096 --> 00:39:45,040 what people have said to me when I 1006 00:39:45,040 --> 00:39:47,151 first joined the US government 2009 , 1007 00:39:47,151 --> 00:39:49,151 when you follow the money , you see 1008 00:39:49,151 --> 00:39:51,318 what people care about . Um So without 1009 00:39:51,318 --> 00:39:54,760 real dedicated money to implement 13 25 1010 00:39:54,760 --> 00:39:57,270 we aren't taking it real serious . So 1011 00:39:57,270 --> 00:39:59,450 we have a very small pot of money and 1012 00:39:59,450 --> 00:40:02,280 that gives money for staffing , that 1013 00:40:02,280 --> 00:40:04,220 provides money to our missions to 1014 00:40:04,220 --> 00:40:07,030 implement WPS activities that provides 1015 00:40:07,030 --> 00:40:09,141 money for training , etcetera . And I 1016 00:40:09,141 --> 00:40:11,308 mean , our hills colleagues often joke 1017 00:40:11,308 --> 00:40:13,530 like , I don't know how you guys do all 1018 00:40:13,530 --> 00:40:15,730 of that with this small pot of money , 1019 00:40:15,740 --> 00:40:18,430 but it sends a signal to our and other 1020 00:40:18,430 --> 00:40:20,770 partners um that , you know , we do 1021 00:40:20,770 --> 00:40:23,220 need more dedicated funding for this . 1022 00:40:23,220 --> 00:40:25,700 It can't just be an add on to a program 1023 00:40:25,700 --> 00:40:27,756 or integrated into the program . You 1024 00:40:27,756 --> 00:40:29,978 actually have to provide real resources 1025 00:40:29,978 --> 00:40:31,978 to that . The other best practice I 1026 00:40:31,978 --> 00:40:34,089 would name is that U S State has been 1027 00:40:34,089 --> 00:40:36,290 very serious about identifying 1028 00:40:36,290 --> 00:40:39,430 mandating one that a gender advisor is 1029 00:40:39,430 --> 00:40:41,850 required for every bureau in the agency . 1030 00:40:41,860 --> 00:40:44,650 So that is a requirement of our 80 s 1031 00:40:44,650 --> 00:40:46,710 two oh five , which is our automated 1032 00:40:46,710 --> 00:40:48,877 director system similar to the fan for 1033 00:40:48,877 --> 00:40:50,654 the State Department . And that 1034 00:40:50,654 --> 00:40:53,190 requires that every gender adviser is 1035 00:40:53,190 --> 00:40:55,246 full time . It's not a part of their 1036 00:40:55,246 --> 00:40:57,301 job , they're not the P O C and they 1037 00:40:57,301 --> 00:40:59,246 have 1000 other things to do , but 1038 00:40:59,246 --> 00:41:01,468 they're dedicated gender advisor . They 1039 00:41:01,468 --> 00:41:03,634 also require gender analysis as a part 1040 00:41:03,634 --> 00:41:05,800 of our work so that we are starting 1041 00:41:05,810 --> 00:41:07,866 every program , an initiative with a 1042 00:41:07,866 --> 00:41:09,977 gender analysis that we've identified 1043 00:41:09,977 --> 00:41:12,143 the problems of the sports and effects 1044 00:41:12,143 --> 00:41:13,977 of women and girls in crisis and 1045 00:41:13,977 --> 00:41:16,450 conflict before we begin to even engage 1046 00:41:16,460 --> 00:41:18,627 in that country . And I think that has 1047 00:41:18,627 --> 00:41:20,849 been quite effective in terms of coming 1048 00:41:20,849 --> 00:41:23,730 to a one consensus on the analysis on 1049 00:41:23,730 --> 00:41:25,730 the problems and challenges and the 1050 00:41:25,730 --> 00:41:27,670 opportunities . Uh the other best 1051 00:41:27,670 --> 00:41:29,837 practice for those who don't know , we 1052 00:41:29,837 --> 00:41:31,559 have a really robust Bureau of 1053 00:41:31,559 --> 00:41:33,870 Humanitarian Assistance . Um They are 1054 00:41:33,870 --> 00:41:36,480 responsible for really leading our 1055 00:41:36,480 --> 00:41:38,990 protection efforts at the onset of 1056 00:41:38,990 --> 00:41:41,330 emergencies . So we have a whole gender 1057 00:41:41,330 --> 00:41:43,552 based violence protection team . And as 1058 00:41:43,552 --> 00:41:46,330 you know , USA is some is in some of 1059 00:41:46,330 --> 00:41:48,497 the most vulnerable situation where it 1060 00:41:48,497 --> 00:41:50,430 be crisis is affected by natural 1061 00:41:50,430 --> 00:41:52,810 disasters , conflict , etcetera were 1062 00:41:52,810 --> 00:41:55,750 often the first to arrive in country 1063 00:41:55,760 --> 00:41:58,170 allowed to be there for these 1064 00:41:58,170 --> 00:42:00,281 emergencies . So looking at it from a 1065 00:42:00,281 --> 00:42:02,820 gender perspective , having protection 1066 00:42:02,820 --> 00:42:04,490 advisors dedicated for those 1067 00:42:04,490 --> 00:42:06,657 emergencies have been really helpful . 1068 00:42:06,657 --> 00:42:08,879 Um that I've seen as a best practice is 1069 00:42:08,879 --> 00:42:10,490 a really strong team . We've 1070 00:42:10,490 --> 00:42:12,490 rededicated are safe from the start 1071 00:42:12,490 --> 00:42:14,490 initiative that was started in , in 1072 00:42:14,490 --> 00:42:17,150 2008 for this year . And I think that 1073 00:42:17,160 --> 00:42:19,216 worked with the State Department and 1074 00:42:19,216 --> 00:42:21,049 the P R M office has been really 1075 00:42:21,049 --> 00:42:23,210 helpful . Um The other thing I would 1076 00:42:23,210 --> 00:42:25,154 say is that , you know , we really 1077 00:42:25,154 --> 00:42:27,210 tried to integrate wps and other USG 1078 00:42:27,210 --> 00:42:29,099 policies and strategies . I think 1079 00:42:29,099 --> 00:42:31,266 that's really important . So you can't 1080 00:42:31,266 --> 00:42:33,432 just have a national action plan there 1081 00:42:33,432 --> 00:42:35,266 all by its lonesome , not really 1082 00:42:35,266 --> 00:42:37,377 integrated into , for instance , like 1083 00:42:37,377 --> 00:42:39,488 the Global Fragility Act , which is a 1084 00:42:39,488 --> 00:42:42,950 very large USG initiative or other keen 1085 00:42:42,950 --> 00:42:45,430 kind of , you know , policies that , 1086 00:42:45,440 --> 00:42:47,662 you know , we are responsible and state 1087 00:42:47,662 --> 00:42:49,884 department , others are responsible for 1088 00:42:49,884 --> 00:42:51,996 implementing atrocities prevention is 1089 00:42:51,996 --> 00:42:54,107 one that we're looking at as genocide 1090 00:42:54,107 --> 00:42:56,051 relates to conflict related sexual 1091 00:42:56,051 --> 00:42:57,884 violence and really , you know , 1092 00:42:57,884 --> 00:42:59,940 linking those two together , which I 1093 00:42:59,940 --> 00:43:02,218 think is really increasingly important . 1094 00:43:02,218 --> 00:43:04,051 Um And the last thing I think is 1095 00:43:04,051 --> 00:43:06,273 partner support . So our work with host 1096 00:43:06,273 --> 00:43:08,273 governments , there has to be , you 1097 00:43:08,273 --> 00:43:11,200 know , support beyond helping them to 1098 00:43:11,210 --> 00:43:13,780 draft their national action plans , has 1099 00:43:13,780 --> 00:43:16,270 to be support throughout the way . So 1100 00:43:16,270 --> 00:43:18,048 we've dedicated resources , for 1101 00:43:18,048 --> 00:43:20,214 instance , to the African Union who is 1102 00:43:20,214 --> 00:43:22,437 actually responsible for doing a report 1103 00:43:22,437 --> 00:43:24,603 card , we call it it's the continental 1104 00:43:24,603 --> 00:43:26,492 resorts framework of how well the 1105 00:43:26,492 --> 00:43:28,659 African nations are implementing women 1106 00:43:28,659 --> 00:43:30,659 peace and security and that support 1107 00:43:30,659 --> 00:43:32,714 isn't really , you know , crucial to 1108 00:43:32,714 --> 00:43:34,492 them . They have a small gender 1109 00:43:34,492 --> 00:43:36,492 directorate office for a very large 1110 00:43:36,492 --> 00:43:38,548 institution like the African Union . 1111 00:43:38,548 --> 00:43:40,492 They needed money for staffing and 1112 00:43:40,492 --> 00:43:42,548 research , et cetera to make good on 1113 00:43:42,548 --> 00:43:44,603 their commitments . And I think that 1114 00:43:44,603 --> 00:43:46,492 partner support shows that we are 1115 00:43:46,492 --> 00:43:49,030 serious as a country and a nation to 1116 00:43:49,030 --> 00:43:51,170 really assist other nations 1117 00:43:51,180 --> 00:43:52,980 institutions , multilateral 1118 00:43:52,980 --> 00:43:55,091 organizations with implementing women 1119 00:43:55,091 --> 00:43:57,036 peace and security . It's all self 1120 00:43:57,036 --> 00:44:01,010 there . Thank you so 1121 00:44:01,010 --> 00:44:03,420 much for that Dr Hawkins . I know we 1122 00:44:03,420 --> 00:44:05,420 all really appreciate hearing these 1123 00:44:05,420 --> 00:44:07,587 best practices . They are truly needed 1124 00:44:07,587 --> 00:44:09,642 in order for us to continue to press 1125 00:44:09,642 --> 00:44:12,050 forward . So thank you . We are now 1126 00:44:12,050 --> 00:44:14,161 getting ready to start our audience Q 1127 00:44:14,161 --> 00:44:16,383 and A portion . So friendly reminder to 1128 00:44:16,383 --> 00:44:18,550 our audience that to start typing your 1129 00:44:18,550 --> 00:44:20,606 questions in the chat if you haven't 1130 00:44:20,606 --> 00:44:22,883 already . And please include your name , 1131 00:44:22,883 --> 00:44:24,828 rank and organization and to which 1132 00:44:24,828 --> 00:44:27,050 panelists you would like to direct your 1133 00:44:27,050 --> 00:44:29,161 question . But before we turn over to 1134 00:44:29,161 --> 00:44:31,106 our audience , I do have one final 1135 00:44:31,106 --> 00:44:33,272 question for our Panelist . All of you 1136 00:44:33,272 --> 00:44:35,328 have seen the importance of studying 1137 00:44:35,328 --> 00:44:37,494 and implementing gender perspectives , 1138 00:44:37,494 --> 00:44:39,661 not only within the U S military , but 1139 00:44:39,661 --> 00:44:41,328 across the globe and multiple 1140 00:44:41,328 --> 00:44:43,560 organizations . Why would you say WPS 1141 00:44:43,560 --> 00:44:45,449 is so important right now to this 1142 00:44:45,449 --> 00:44:47,504 audience ? And what will be the long 1143 00:44:47,504 --> 00:44:49,690 term consequences of ignoring this 1144 00:44:49,690 --> 00:44:52,680 topic ? I'll toss it over to you first , 1145 00:44:52,690 --> 00:44:54,246 Lieutenant , Colonel Pudo . 1146 00:44:56,430 --> 00:45:00,350 Thanks . So I think the from 1147 00:45:00,350 --> 00:45:03,000 looking externally first and changing 1148 00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:05,010 nature of war shows why WPS is so 1149 00:45:05,010 --> 00:45:07,440 important . We are in values based 1150 00:45:07,440 --> 00:45:10,160 conflict right now . Our worlds based 1151 00:45:10,170 --> 00:45:12,392 international order is being challenged 1152 00:45:12,392 --> 00:45:14,480 and wps and the WPS agenda is right 1153 00:45:14,480 --> 00:45:16,813 central to that because it's looking at , 1154 00:45:16,813 --> 00:45:18,869 you know , women's rights and are we 1155 00:45:18,869 --> 00:45:20,980 prepared to uphold them or not ? So I 1156 00:45:20,980 --> 00:45:22,980 think fundamentally , you know , we 1157 00:45:22,980 --> 00:45:24,924 need to make that decision whether 1158 00:45:24,924 --> 00:45:27,147 we're gonna treat it seriously or not . 1159 00:45:27,147 --> 00:45:30,160 We also think gender analysis is very 1160 00:45:30,160 --> 00:45:32,049 important because adversaries are 1161 00:45:32,050 --> 00:45:35,290 deliberately targeting civilians in 1162 00:45:35,290 --> 00:45:37,457 conflict . You know , they're not just 1163 00:45:37,457 --> 00:45:39,679 collateral damage or getting in the way 1164 00:45:39,679 --> 00:45:41,846 somewhat , but they're being used as a 1165 00:45:41,846 --> 00:45:43,901 mode of operandi . So therefore , we 1166 00:45:43,901 --> 00:45:46,068 need to understand what is going on on 1167 00:45:46,068 --> 00:45:48,179 the ground so that we can effectively 1168 00:45:48,179 --> 00:45:50,700 respond . So the nature of war , the 1169 00:45:50,700 --> 00:45:53,350 second thing is in order to , you know , 1170 00:45:53,350 --> 00:45:55,461 have the best team possible . We need 1171 00:45:55,461 --> 00:45:57,628 diversity . And I'm thinking diversity 1172 00:45:57,628 --> 00:45:59,850 in the wider context , not just men and 1173 00:45:59,850 --> 00:46:01,961 women , but diversity of skill sets , 1174 00:46:01,961 --> 00:46:04,183 backgrounds , mindsets , you know , how 1175 00:46:04,183 --> 00:46:06,183 we look at things . And it's really 1176 00:46:06,183 --> 00:46:08,128 critical if we're going to respond 1177 00:46:08,128 --> 00:46:09,961 effectively and quickly to these 1178 00:46:09,961 --> 00:46:12,072 complex threats , we need to have the 1179 00:46:12,072 --> 00:46:14,840 right people on the team . So I feel 1180 00:46:14,840 --> 00:46:18,440 quite passionately about that and women 1181 00:46:18,440 --> 00:46:20,500 are part of that . The WPS agenda 1182 00:46:20,510 --> 00:46:22,880 really supports diversity in the wider 1183 00:46:22,880 --> 00:46:26,860 sense . Um And then finally , 1184 00:46:26,870 --> 00:46:29,180 um the growth of technology , you know , 1185 00:46:29,180 --> 00:46:32,140 it's exponential right now . And in 1186 00:46:32,140 --> 00:46:35,050 order to make sure that the technology 1187 00:46:35,050 --> 00:46:38,560 that we are creating actually looks at 1188 00:46:38,560 --> 00:46:40,893 the landscape in the , in the right way , 1189 00:46:40,893 --> 00:46:42,504 we need to make sure that it 1190 00:46:42,504 --> 00:46:44,727 incorporates disaggregated data that it 1191 00:46:44,727 --> 00:46:47,240 doesn't have bias baked in , you know , 1192 00:46:47,250 --> 00:46:49,690 that we actually consider unconscious 1193 00:46:49,690 --> 00:46:51,590 bias . And we make sure that the 1194 00:46:51,590 --> 00:46:53,757 programming of artificial intelligence 1195 00:46:53,757 --> 00:46:55,868 and technology which is going to help 1196 00:46:55,868 --> 00:46:58,760 us in the future is as some sort of is 1197 00:46:58,760 --> 00:47:01,270 reflective of that WPS agenda as well 1198 00:47:01,280 --> 00:47:03,740 that , that we , that we're looking at . 1199 00:47:03,750 --> 00:47:05,972 Well , I suppose equality is the bottom 1200 00:47:05,972 --> 00:47:07,972 line and you know that we're making 1201 00:47:07,972 --> 00:47:10,139 sure that we're not um skewing our own 1202 00:47:10,139 --> 00:47:12,140 understanding of the environment by 1203 00:47:12,150 --> 00:47:14,510 developing technology that has bias 1204 00:47:14,510 --> 00:47:16,510 within it . So those three things , 1205 00:47:17,140 --> 00:47:17,860 every t 1206 00:47:20,810 --> 00:47:23,088 thank you , Lieutenant Colonel Cordell . 1207 00:47:23,088 --> 00:47:24,866 Same question to you Dr Smith . 1208 00:47:27,000 --> 00:47:30,440 Yeah , I think uh Dr Hawkins really , 1209 00:47:30,450 --> 00:47:32,617 really hit on this really well . And I 1210 00:47:32,617 --> 00:47:34,950 think it's so important that , you know , 1211 00:47:34,950 --> 00:47:37,380 our national action plan can't just be 1212 00:47:37,380 --> 00:47:39,950 an outward looking external plan , 1213 00:47:39,950 --> 00:47:42,520 right about foreign policy that we have 1214 00:47:42,520 --> 00:47:44,900 got , we have to lead the way we've got 1215 00:47:44,900 --> 00:47:47,690 to get our own house in order first and 1216 00:47:47,690 --> 00:47:49,523 from a national security and the 1217 00:47:49,523 --> 00:47:51,690 military's perspective , we have a lot 1218 00:47:51,690 --> 00:47:53,968 of work to do . And I think , you know , 1219 00:47:53,968 --> 00:47:56,079 one of the things we can look at more 1220 00:47:56,079 --> 00:47:58,190 broadly as we think about the U S and 1221 00:47:58,190 --> 00:48:00,412 our allies out there today and thinking 1222 00:48:00,412 --> 00:48:02,579 about where we stand on a lot of these 1223 00:48:02,579 --> 00:48:04,634 issues . It's being measured today . 1224 00:48:04,634 --> 00:48:06,523 And so we're not hiding behind it 1225 00:48:06,523 --> 00:48:08,690 anymore . And we can see around gender 1226 00:48:08,690 --> 00:48:10,690 equality , indexes and all sorts of 1227 00:48:10,690 --> 00:48:13,240 rankings with the O E C D that the US 1228 00:48:13,240 --> 00:48:15,690 ranks really low amongst these nations 1229 00:48:15,690 --> 00:48:17,912 out there and on all sorts of different 1230 00:48:17,912 --> 00:48:20,079 levels . And how can we call ourselves 1231 00:48:20,079 --> 00:48:22,410 a leader in this area and be taken 1232 00:48:22,410 --> 00:48:25,160 seriously by , by our allies . And , 1233 00:48:25,160 --> 00:48:27,327 and again , you know , looking at this 1234 00:48:27,327 --> 00:48:29,271 from other perspectives that if we 1235 00:48:29,271 --> 00:48:31,382 can't , if we can't do it ourselves . 1236 00:48:31,382 --> 00:48:33,382 And so we have to begin , I think , 1237 00:48:33,382 --> 00:48:35,382 starting at home first and thinking 1238 00:48:35,382 --> 00:48:35,310 about our own military , our own 1239 00:48:35,310 --> 00:48:37,532 national security apparatus , how we're 1240 00:48:37,532 --> 00:48:39,421 doing decision making , how we're 1241 00:48:39,421 --> 00:48:41,588 including all these perspectives . And 1242 00:48:41,588 --> 00:48:43,810 again , I love the idea that is colonel 1243 00:48:43,810 --> 00:48:45,754 producing it . It's not just about 1244 00:48:45,754 --> 00:48:47,754 gender , gender is one aspect , one 1245 00:48:47,754 --> 00:48:49,866 lens that we can look at this . There 1246 00:48:49,866 --> 00:48:49,330 are other ways from a diversities 1247 00:48:49,330 --> 00:48:51,552 perspective , we can think about how we 1248 00:48:51,552 --> 00:48:53,800 can be more effective and including 1249 00:48:53,800 --> 00:48:56,700 more ideas and bringing more people to 1250 00:48:56,700 --> 00:48:58,867 the table to have a conversation about 1251 00:48:58,867 --> 00:49:00,978 this . And so again , I think we have 1252 00:49:00,978 --> 00:49:03,190 to start at home first and , and start 1253 00:49:03,190 --> 00:49:05,412 looking inward about how can we do this 1254 00:49:05,412 --> 00:49:07,523 better ourselves and then we can help 1255 00:49:07,530 --> 00:49:09,530 in the implementation with others . 1256 00:49:13,180 --> 00:49:15,500 Thank you , Dr Smith . Over to you , 1257 00:49:15,500 --> 00:49:17,667 Doctor Hawkins . Why do you consider G 1258 00:49:17,667 --> 00:49:19,444 P S an important topic for this 1259 00:49:19,444 --> 00:49:23,320 audience ? Thank you . And I I agree 1260 00:49:23,320 --> 00:49:25,710 with everything Dr Smith and Dr Purdue 1261 00:49:25,710 --> 00:49:27,830 just said , I think , you know , it 1262 00:49:27,830 --> 00:49:29,941 can't just be a talking point when we 1263 00:49:29,941 --> 00:49:32,052 talk about women and men in all their 1264 00:49:32,052 --> 00:49:34,219 diversity , we really actually have to 1265 00:49:34,219 --> 00:49:37,170 mean it . So even those working on the 1266 00:49:37,170 --> 00:49:39,960 WPS agenda as we go to other nations 1267 00:49:39,960 --> 00:49:42,220 need to be a diverse set of audiences , 1268 00:49:42,220 --> 00:49:44,940 right ? People need to see it to 1269 00:49:44,940 --> 00:49:46,830 believe it . And I think that is 1270 00:49:46,830 --> 00:49:49,163 something we need to look at internally . 1271 00:49:49,163 --> 00:49:50,886 Of course , increasing women's 1272 00:49:50,886 --> 00:49:52,941 participation in military in our own 1273 00:49:52,941 --> 00:49:55,190 military , including in leadership 1274 00:49:55,190 --> 00:49:58,530 positions would be a really strong 1275 00:49:58,530 --> 00:50:00,920 signal to other nations as we're doing 1276 00:50:00,920 --> 00:50:03,410 training and doing the G D G partner 1277 00:50:03,410 --> 00:50:06,240 work that they can see women military 1278 00:50:06,240 --> 00:50:08,460 leaders in the U S coming to their 1279 00:50:08,460 --> 00:50:10,770 nations talking about WPS as an 1280 00:50:10,770 --> 00:50:13,520 important foreign policy agenda and 1281 00:50:13,520 --> 00:50:15,960 national security issue . For us that 1282 00:50:15,960 --> 00:50:18,420 would send a really strong signal cause 1283 00:50:18,420 --> 00:50:20,587 they countries do look up to us , they 1284 00:50:20,587 --> 00:50:22,940 constantly are citing us as an example . 1285 00:50:23,080 --> 00:50:25,470 Um And so to Dr Smith Point , we 1286 00:50:25,470 --> 00:50:28,070 definitely need to lead um in that way , 1287 00:50:28,080 --> 00:50:30,080 I think the consequences frankly is 1288 00:50:30,080 --> 00:50:32,200 more war , more crisis , zero , 1289 00:50:32,200 --> 00:50:35,920 stability of lack of trust , more 1290 00:50:35,920 --> 00:50:39,410 money spent from taxpayers dollars um 1291 00:50:39,420 --> 00:50:42,810 to fund and support and you know , help , 1292 00:50:42,820 --> 00:50:45,700 assist countries who are affected in uh 1293 00:50:45,710 --> 00:50:47,860 by crisis and conflict in natural 1294 00:50:47,860 --> 00:50:50,440 disaster . So I think prevention is 1295 00:50:50,440 --> 00:50:52,496 something we always talk about , but 1296 00:50:52,496 --> 00:50:54,662 really invest in and I think it's time 1297 00:50:54,662 --> 00:50:56,810 that we actually continue our 1298 00:50:56,810 --> 00:50:59,580 investment on prevention so that can 1299 00:50:59,580 --> 00:51:02,160 look like supporting nations on , you 1300 00:51:02,160 --> 00:51:04,290 know , more laws or frameworks to 1301 00:51:04,290 --> 00:51:06,401 protect women and girls in crisis and 1302 00:51:06,401 --> 00:51:09,950 conflict increase uh education for 1303 00:51:09,950 --> 00:51:11,783 young girls who may not have the 1304 00:51:11,783 --> 00:51:13,450 opportunity to go to school , 1305 00:51:13,450 --> 00:51:15,672 protecting younger girls from child and 1306 00:51:15,672 --> 00:51:17,728 early forced marriage . All of these 1307 00:51:17,728 --> 00:51:19,950 things which call cause instability and 1308 00:51:19,950 --> 00:51:21,894 fragility in a nation which is the 1309 00:51:21,894 --> 00:51:24,410 preemptive of war or disaster . I think 1310 00:51:24,410 --> 00:51:26,570 we can really do a better job of 1311 00:51:26,570 --> 00:51:28,890 investing in that things . 1312 00:51:31,980 --> 00:51:34,091 Thank you , ma'am . I appreciate your 1313 00:51:34,091 --> 00:51:36,170 response . And last but not least Dr 1314 00:51:36,170 --> 00:51:38,830 Graham . Same question . Yeah , I just 1315 00:51:38,830 --> 00:51:41,970 want to echo and with all my panelists 1316 00:51:41,970 --> 00:51:45,140 have said already , you know , clearly 1317 00:51:45,150 --> 00:51:47,770 WPS is important right now because the 1318 00:51:47,770 --> 00:51:50,048 old way of doing things is not working . 1319 00:51:50,070 --> 00:51:52,240 You know , we have , you know , 1320 00:51:52,250 --> 00:51:54,610 escalating conflicts and humanitarian 1321 00:51:54,610 --> 00:51:58,390 crises . The climate crisis has created , 1322 00:51:58,390 --> 00:52:00,390 you know , soil erosion , drought , 1323 00:52:00,390 --> 00:52:02,940 water shortages , food insecurities , 1324 00:52:02,950 --> 00:52:05,300 there are over 100 million displaced 1325 00:52:05,300 --> 00:52:08,740 people on the globe today . More than 1326 00:52:08,750 --> 00:52:11,180 ever been recorded . We're spending 1327 00:52:11,180 --> 00:52:14,270 more on military weapons than ever 1328 00:52:14,270 --> 00:52:16,910 before , more than two trillion for the 1329 00:52:16,910 --> 00:52:20,390 last few years since 2020 . So , you 1330 00:52:20,390 --> 00:52:22,446 know , going back to the point about 1331 00:52:22,446 --> 00:52:24,860 prevention and that Doctor Hawkins was , 1332 00:52:24,870 --> 00:52:27,092 you know , just mentioning , you know , 1333 00:52:27,092 --> 00:52:29,037 it's important therefore , that we 1334 00:52:29,037 --> 00:52:31,203 really focus on these issues of gender 1335 00:52:31,203 --> 00:52:33,420 equality and the link between them and 1336 00:52:33,420 --> 00:52:35,660 peace and security . But I suppose one 1337 00:52:35,660 --> 00:52:37,880 of the things that I'm concerned about 1338 00:52:38,170 --> 00:52:41,220 is the fact that gender is being 1339 00:52:41,220 --> 00:52:45,210 conflated to mean women only very often 1340 00:52:45,210 --> 00:52:47,900 in the discourse . And actually a 1341 00:52:47,900 --> 00:52:50,970 gender perspective or a gender analysis 1342 00:52:50,970 --> 00:52:54,100 brings in all genders , that means men 1343 00:52:54,100 --> 00:52:57,490 and boys , that means LGBT plus 1344 00:52:57,520 --> 00:53:01,290 persons and really focusing on those 1345 00:53:01,290 --> 00:53:03,600 power dynamics between different 1346 00:53:03,600 --> 00:53:06,520 genders and different settings and 1347 00:53:06,530 --> 00:53:09,570 learning about and understanding how 1348 00:53:09,570 --> 00:53:12,120 they link with being the drivers of 1349 00:53:12,120 --> 00:53:15,070 violent conflict . So for example , you 1350 00:53:15,070 --> 00:53:16,848 know , when we're talking about 1351 00:53:16,848 --> 00:53:19,014 operational effectiveness , we have to 1352 00:53:19,014 --> 00:53:20,570 have a holistic analysis or 1353 00:53:20,570 --> 00:53:22,737 understanding of the conflict and that 1354 00:53:22,737 --> 00:53:24,760 includes those power relationships 1355 00:53:24,760 --> 00:53:26,927 between women and men . And going back 1356 00:53:26,927 --> 00:53:29,093 to the point I made earlier , we don't 1357 00:53:29,093 --> 00:53:31,260 have gender equality anywhere . But if 1358 00:53:31,260 --> 00:53:33,680 we're to bring in perspectives that 1359 00:53:33,680 --> 00:53:36,850 include men and boys , then we start to 1360 00:53:36,860 --> 00:53:39,330 understand how masculinity ease and 1361 00:53:39,330 --> 00:53:41,610 particular types of masculinity is in 1362 00:53:41,610 --> 00:53:44,770 different contexts , are also linked to 1363 00:53:44,780 --> 00:53:47,660 drivers of conflict . So one example in 1364 00:53:47,660 --> 00:53:51,140 the research that's often cited 1365 00:53:51,520 --> 00:53:53,520 is for example , if we look at this 1366 00:53:53,520 --> 00:53:55,820 article and we look at that particular 1367 00:53:55,820 --> 00:53:58,190 region and in the culture there , it's 1368 00:53:58,190 --> 00:54:00,710 very important for men to be able to 1369 00:54:00,710 --> 00:54:04,070 have bright price , to be able to marry . 1370 00:54:04,260 --> 00:54:08,190 And marriage is an important part of a 1371 00:54:08,190 --> 00:54:10,740 man being respected in the community 1372 00:54:10,740 --> 00:54:13,720 and having power in that community . 1373 00:54:13,880 --> 00:54:16,450 But if for example , he doesn't have 1374 00:54:16,450 --> 00:54:19,850 enough cattle for bride price , then he 1375 00:54:19,850 --> 00:54:22,620 might resort to some other means to 1376 00:54:22,630 --> 00:54:25,920 gain , you know , the ability to marry . 1377 00:54:25,930 --> 00:54:28,970 And in some cases , this could be 1378 00:54:28,970 --> 00:54:31,350 cattle raiding , which could create 1379 00:54:31,360 --> 00:54:34,900 inter ethnic conflict with other tribes 1380 00:54:35,100 --> 00:54:37,450 or in some cases , this could 1381 00:54:37,450 --> 00:54:39,680 incentivize young men to join rebel 1382 00:54:39,680 --> 00:54:43,680 groups as a way of being able to raise 1383 00:54:43,690 --> 00:54:46,740 the the money , being able to raise 1384 00:54:46,740 --> 00:54:49,470 enough cattle to be able to enter into 1385 00:54:49,470 --> 00:54:51,860 marriage . So , you know , if we don't 1386 00:54:51,860 --> 00:54:54,840 include , you know , the specificity of 1387 00:54:54,840 --> 00:54:56,951 the gender dynamics in the particular 1388 00:54:56,951 --> 00:54:59,980 region that we are analyzing , then 1389 00:54:59,980 --> 00:55:02,036 we're not going to have like a whole 1390 00:55:02,036 --> 00:55:04,147 picture of what is happening there in 1391 00:55:04,147 --> 00:55:07,410 terms of those drivers of conflict . 1392 00:55:07,420 --> 00:55:09,531 And I suppose , you know , going back 1393 00:55:09,531 --> 00:55:11,587 to what Colonel Purdue was saying in 1394 00:55:11,587 --> 00:55:13,809 terms of , you know , gender advisors , 1395 00:55:13,809 --> 00:55:15,720 you know , really , you know , 1396 00:55:15,730 --> 00:55:18,060 emphasizing the fact that these are 1397 00:55:18,070 --> 00:55:21,250 expertly , you know , trained advisors 1398 00:55:21,550 --> 00:55:24,190 that , you know , it's so important to 1399 00:55:24,190 --> 00:55:27,260 ensure that they all the pressure to 1400 00:55:27,260 --> 00:55:30,180 develop gender analysis isn't put only 1401 00:55:30,180 --> 00:55:32,710 on these people that there is this 1402 00:55:32,710 --> 00:55:35,910 understanding throughout an institution 1403 00:55:35,910 --> 00:55:38,570 of the importance of having a gender 1404 00:55:38,570 --> 00:55:40,626 analysis . And I suppose also I just 1405 00:55:40,626 --> 00:55:42,570 want to comment in terms of my own 1406 00:55:42,570 --> 00:55:45,540 research um in terms of security 1407 00:55:45,540 --> 00:55:47,830 cooperation , you know , some of the 1408 00:55:47,830 --> 00:55:50,060 feedback that I received was about the 1409 00:55:50,060 --> 00:55:52,870 importance of having male commanders as 1410 00:55:52,870 --> 00:55:55,720 allies in the implementation of WPS . 1411 00:55:55,730 --> 00:55:58,610 And so in particular mid level 1412 00:55:58,610 --> 00:56:01,190 commanders and sometimes can create 1413 00:56:01,190 --> 00:56:03,680 barriers to sharing Jenna's reports , 1414 00:56:03,680 --> 00:56:05,760 for example . And if that happens , 1415 00:56:05,760 --> 00:56:07,982 then we're really missing opportunities 1416 00:56:07,982 --> 00:56:11,250 in terms of how to implement WPS . And 1417 00:56:11,250 --> 00:56:13,417 so , ultimately , what I'm saying here 1418 00:56:13,417 --> 00:56:15,690 is that we really need visionary 1419 00:56:15,690 --> 00:56:19,410 leaders who understand WPS , who really 1420 00:56:19,420 --> 00:56:21,770 get the importance of it and are 1421 00:56:21,770 --> 00:56:24,630 prepared to ensure that it is fully 1422 00:56:24,630 --> 00:56:27,600 implemented within their missions and 1423 00:56:27,600 --> 00:56:29,156 in their areas of command . 1424 00:56:32,900 --> 00:56:35,420 Thank you , Dr Graham . I'll now pass 1425 00:56:35,420 --> 00:56:38,280 it over to our audience for our Q and A . 1426 00:56:38,280 --> 00:56:40,510 We have about five minutes . My first 1427 00:56:40,510 --> 00:56:43,070 question comes to you , Dr Smith , 1428 00:56:43,080 --> 00:56:45,980 first lieutenant , praying back from 1429 00:56:45,980 --> 00:56:48,130 the 18 Mobility Support Advisory 1430 00:56:48,130 --> 00:56:51,090 squadron . Ask as a young officer 1431 00:56:51,100 --> 00:56:53,710 developing a GPS program for my unit . 1432 00:56:53,720 --> 00:56:56,060 What advice do you have and how can we 1433 00:56:56,060 --> 00:56:57,782 connect with you all further ? 1434 00:57:01,090 --> 00:57:03,540 Yeah , great question . And it's , it's 1435 00:57:03,540 --> 00:57:05,651 the age old . Where do we start ? And 1436 00:57:05,651 --> 00:57:07,850 especially I think for , for junior 1437 00:57:07,850 --> 00:57:10,110 officers , junior leaders broadly in 1438 00:57:10,110 --> 00:57:12,221 our organizations today . Where do we 1439 00:57:12,221 --> 00:57:14,221 start ? And , and I would say , you 1440 00:57:14,221 --> 00:57:16,332 know , what we typically find is find 1441 00:57:16,332 --> 00:57:19,660 the other people around you who already , 1442 00:57:19,670 --> 00:57:21,890 you know , are doing some of this work 1443 00:57:21,890 --> 00:57:25,010 or espouse attitudes and ideas and 1444 00:57:25,010 --> 00:57:27,870 beliefs around this . Uh maybe just 1445 00:57:27,870 --> 00:57:29,870 role modeling and through their own 1446 00:57:29,870 --> 00:57:32,148 example of seeing how they do this and , 1447 00:57:32,148 --> 00:57:34,148 and start having conversations with 1448 00:57:34,148 --> 00:57:36,314 your team . And I think this is one of 1449 00:57:36,314 --> 00:57:38,370 the challenges especially for men is 1450 00:57:38,370 --> 00:57:40,314 how do we engage in these kinds of 1451 00:57:40,314 --> 00:57:40,100 conversations ? Because I think people 1452 00:57:40,100 --> 00:57:42,180 are concerned about , you know , how 1453 00:57:42,180 --> 00:57:44,069 will I be perceived ? And I start 1454 00:57:44,069 --> 00:57:46,124 talking about women's rights in , in 1455 00:57:46,124 --> 00:57:48,291 the organization or gender equality in 1456 00:57:48,291 --> 00:57:50,513 the organization or even caregiving God 1457 00:57:50,513 --> 00:57:53,100 forbid . And within my organization , 1458 00:57:53,290 --> 00:57:55,401 these are often taboo . There's a lot 1459 00:57:55,401 --> 00:57:57,670 of stigma associated with them and , 1460 00:57:57,680 --> 00:57:59,347 and there's a lot of fear and 1461 00:57:59,347 --> 00:58:01,830 reluctance on the part of men to engage 1462 00:58:01,830 --> 00:58:03,941 in this and doing these work . And so 1463 00:58:03,941 --> 00:58:05,941 beginning to have conversations and 1464 00:58:05,941 --> 00:58:08,108 finding venues with leaders . Often we 1465 00:58:08,108 --> 00:58:10,160 find that reframing some of these 1466 00:58:10,160 --> 00:58:12,049 things that tend to be labeled as 1467 00:58:12,049 --> 00:58:14,049 gender issues and certainly women , 1468 00:58:14,049 --> 00:58:16,216 peace and security is a gender issue , 1469 00:58:16,216 --> 00:58:18,327 but it includes , it needs to include 1470 00:58:18,327 --> 00:58:20,549 men And the conversation . As , as Dr . 1471 00:58:20,549 --> 00:58:22,327 Graham said , we all have to be 1472 00:58:22,327 --> 00:58:24,216 involved in this and so sometimes 1473 00:58:24,216 --> 00:58:26,327 reframing these leadership issues and 1474 00:58:26,327 --> 00:58:28,438 talking about it in that way . And we 1475 00:58:28,438 --> 00:58:30,493 often with the military , we'll talk 1476 00:58:30,493 --> 00:58:30,220 about this in terms of inclusive 1477 00:58:30,220 --> 00:58:32,410 leadership in the form of , that's a 1478 00:58:32,410 --> 00:58:34,910 form of leadership today in the 21st 1479 00:58:34,910 --> 00:58:37,660 century workplace that you need to be 1480 00:58:37,660 --> 00:58:39,882 successful , the leaders who are making 1481 00:58:39,882 --> 00:58:41,660 it to the highest levels of our 1482 00:58:41,660 --> 00:58:43,771 organizations . But whether you're in 1483 00:58:43,771 --> 00:58:45,549 the government or you're in the 1484 00:58:45,549 --> 00:58:47,771 military are espousing these traits and 1485 00:58:47,771 --> 00:58:49,771 qualities that were not necessarily 1486 00:58:49,771 --> 00:58:51,993 valued from 1/20 century perspective or 1487 00:58:51,993 --> 00:58:53,990 a traditionally male dominated 1488 00:58:53,990 --> 00:58:56,970 perspective and things like humility , 1489 00:58:56,980 --> 00:58:59,180 having some intellectual humility , 1490 00:58:59,180 --> 00:59:01,580 having some cultural humility that you 1491 00:59:01,580 --> 00:59:03,747 don't necessarily have all the answers 1492 00:59:03,747 --> 00:59:05,802 and that you need to count on others 1493 00:59:05,802 --> 00:59:07,636 and bring other voices and other 1494 00:59:07,636 --> 00:59:09,691 experts in to really be successful . 1495 00:59:09,691 --> 00:59:11,913 And it's not about you personally being 1496 00:59:11,913 --> 00:59:13,858 successful , but your organization 1497 00:59:13,858 --> 00:59:16,110 being successful , your contribution to 1498 00:59:16,110 --> 00:59:18,166 national security being successful . 1499 00:59:18,166 --> 00:59:20,332 And I think underlying all of this and 1500 00:59:20,332 --> 00:59:22,166 I'll just leave you with this is 1501 00:59:22,166 --> 00:59:24,388 remembering that we have this , this is 1502 00:59:24,388 --> 00:59:26,166 a moral issue . We have a moral 1503 00:59:26,166 --> 00:59:27,943 obligation to do this well , to 1504 00:59:27,943 --> 00:59:30,110 accomplish the mission the way we need 1505 00:59:30,110 --> 00:59:32,277 to , we need everybody involved and we 1506 00:59:32,277 --> 00:59:34,610 need the gender lens wps brings to this . 1507 00:59:34,610 --> 00:59:36,499 And if we don't , we're less than 1508 00:59:36,499 --> 00:59:38,499 successful where our performance is 1509 00:59:38,499 --> 00:59:40,499 lower and when it comes to national 1510 00:59:40,499 --> 00:59:42,721 security , we can't afford to do that . 1511 00:59:42,721 --> 00:59:44,777 So we have a moral obligation to our 1512 00:59:44,777 --> 00:59:46,777 country , to our society to do this 1513 00:59:46,777 --> 00:59:48,610 really well . And so start start 1514 00:59:48,610 --> 00:59:50,832 grassroots , start with the people that 1515 00:59:50,832 --> 00:59:53,690 you trust the most . Thank you , sir , 1516 00:59:53,700 --> 00:59:57,420 Staff Sergeant Catherine . Greet green , 1517 00:59:57,430 --> 00:59:59,652 ask a question for you Dr Harkins in 60 1518 00:59:59,652 --> 01:00:02,510 seconds or less . Is there a way we as 1519 01:00:02,510 --> 01:00:04,740 individuals can help with this as of 1520 01:00:04,740 --> 01:00:06,740 right now , whether locally or well 1521 01:00:06,740 --> 01:00:10,660 deployed ? Absolutely . I think 1522 01:00:10,670 --> 01:00:12,837 if you're deployed , check in with the 1523 01:00:12,837 --> 01:00:14,781 mission or the embassy to see what 1524 01:00:14,781 --> 01:00:16,448 activities are actually being 1525 01:00:16,448 --> 01:00:18,614 implemented already . Um And , and how 1526 01:00:18,614 --> 01:00:20,790 you can get involved at the mission or 1527 01:00:20,790 --> 01:00:22,790 embassy that you may be deployed to 1528 01:00:22,790 --> 01:00:25,000 also check in with local civil society 1529 01:00:25,000 --> 01:00:26,944 organizations and partners who are 1530 01:00:26,944 --> 01:00:29,056 doing this work . Sometimes they have 1531 01:00:29,056 --> 01:00:31,389 consortiums or groups that you can join . 1532 01:00:31,389 --> 01:00:33,700 Um to check in obviously through the 1533 01:00:33,700 --> 01:00:35,756 mission or embassy would be the best 1534 01:00:35,756 --> 01:00:37,867 bet . And then of course , you know , 1535 01:00:37,867 --> 01:00:40,030 you S I P has been very helpful in 1536 01:00:40,040 --> 01:00:42,460 organizing the civil society working 1537 01:00:42,460 --> 01:00:44,720 group that Dr Graham is a part of and 1538 01:00:44,720 --> 01:00:46,887 the U S government and the military to 1539 01:00:46,887 --> 01:00:49,109 have these convening in conversations . 1540 01:00:49,109 --> 01:00:51,109 So please feel free to reach out to 1541 01:00:51,109 --> 01:00:53,109 myself or others . And I'm happy to 1542 01:00:53,109 --> 01:00:55,530 connect you to our colleagues at U S I 1543 01:00:55,530 --> 01:00:58,890 P . But we're always Welcome to talk to 1544 01:00:58,890 --> 01:01:00,946 anyone if they have any questions in 1545 01:01:00,946 --> 01:01:02,960 the military about how we work . We 1546 01:01:02,960 --> 01:01:04,960 have an office of civilian military 1547 01:01:04,960 --> 01:01:07,570 cooperation office in my bureau that 1548 01:01:07,570 --> 01:01:10,410 told job is to make that development 1549 01:01:10,410 --> 01:01:12,860 defense connection here in Washington 1550 01:01:12,860 --> 01:01:15,082 and abroad . So happy to connect you as 1551 01:01:15,082 --> 01:01:17,270 needed . That was 60 seconds . 1552 01:01:18,790 --> 01:01:22,390 Excellent timing . Alright , friends 1553 01:01:22,400 --> 01:01:24,620 that concludes our panel discussion . 1554 01:01:24,630 --> 01:01:26,741 Thank you to all of our distinguished 1555 01:01:26,741 --> 01:01:28,852 panelists for answering questions and 1556 01:01:28,852 --> 01:01:30,670 leading us in such a important 1557 01:01:30,670 --> 01:01:33,070 discussion today and to the audience . 1558 01:01:33,070 --> 01:01:34,959 We hope over the past hour , your 1559 01:01:34,959 --> 01:01:37,420 knowledge of WPS has expanded and your 1560 01:01:37,420 --> 01:01:39,642 desire to get connected is just ever so 1561 01:01:39,642 --> 01:01:41,820 prevalent . I'm excited to see your 1562 01:01:41,820 --> 01:01:43,931 involvement and implementation of wps 1563 01:01:43,931 --> 01:01:46,098 in the , in the near future . But with 1564 01:01:46,098 --> 01:01:48,450 that until next time . Thank you all . 1565 01:01:54,300 --> 01:01:57,100 Thank you , Miss Yvonne Dr Hawkins . Dr 1566 01:01:57,100 --> 01:02:00,010 Smith , Lieutenant Colonel and Dr 1567 01:02:00,010 --> 01:02:02,260 Graham for leading such an amazing 1568 01:02:02,260 --> 01:02:04,482 discussion . Chief . Did you enjoy it ? 1569 01:02:04,482 --> 01:02:06,649 Oh , I loved it . It was great talking 1570 01:02:06,649 --> 01:02:07,980 about wps .