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U.S. Air Force News

  • Surprise inspection nets weapons, alcohol, merchandise

    Officials here found unauthorized firearms and alcohol, military uniforms and other merchandise during a surprise inspection of areas inhabited by third-country workers and American contractors.“The sweep was the first of its kind and, because of its success, has set the precedence for future

  • Survey addresses quality-of-life needs

    The 2010 Caring for People Survey gives total force Airmen, civilians, retirees and dependents an opportunity to voice their concerns on how the Air Force can better address their quality-of-life needs. With Airmen deploying in support of global contingency operations for two decades, developing and

  • Survey allows Airmen to speak frankly to leaders

    Would you like to tell your leaders what you think? You have that opportunity through the 2012 Air Force Climate Survey.The survey officially kicked off Monday, and soon all Airmen will receive email invitations with a personalized link to enable them to share their thoughts, said Nicole Gamez, Air

  • Survey helps turn things around

    Great deeds can be built on small gestures. And with a good plan, it is possible to turn a unit around on a dime.When Vicki Preacher came here in July 2001 to fill the top post in the environmental management directorate, she found problems with morale spilled onto the mission.“There was

  • Survey responses still needed as Nov. 26 deadline nears

    On Oct. 1, Air Force leaders opened the door for all Airmen to voice their concerns with the launching of the 2008 Air Force Climate Survey. Although that door is still open, it is slowly closing. The survey, which runs through Nov. 26, is designed to assess the opinions and perceptions of the Air

  • Survey seeks input in shaping civilian personnel system

    Civil service employees who soon will come under the new National Security Personnel System have an opportunity to help shape the program.The new National Security Personnel System Factor Survey gives general schedule employees the chance to register their views about several performance factors

  • Survey will assess Air Force community well-being

    Invitations to take the 2011 Air Force Community Assessment will be sent out Jan. 25. The assessment is designed to assist chaplains and people working in installation-level Airman and family readiness centers, family advocacy programs, health and wellness centers, mental health clinics and child

  • Survey will help servicemembers, families

    A survey designed to gauge the Air Force's success in building communities is set for distribution in early April.The 2003 Community Assessment Survey will be sent out servicewide, said the Air Force's director of family advocacy research and the project officer for the survey. He added that the

  • Survey will measure personnel services delivery

    Airmen can help make their personnel services delivery system better through survey feedback beginning Sept. 20.Air Force officials said they are transforming the way personnel services are delivered to make them more effective, efficient and timely. This PSD transformation uses technology to place

  • Survey will permit informed decisions, official says

    Survey responses on the possible repeal of the law that bans gays and lesbians from serving openly in the military will allow leaders to make informed decisions, Pentagon Press Secretary Geoff Morrell said July 10.The survey was designed to be a confidential conversation between a Defense Department

  • Survey: Servicemembers more realistic about retirement

    Servicemembers are more practical about their retirement needs than their civilian counterparts, according to a survey conducted by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, Investor Education Foundation, in cooperation with the Employee Benefit Research Institute. The findings bode

  • Survival equipment: Taking fear out of flying

    Almost everyone has seen movie heroes parachuting out of planes and helicopters into dangers unknown. However, not many people think about how they are able to do that, or who ensures their parachutes are packed safely and carefully. Ten Airmen, assigned to the 100th Maintenance Squadron’s survival

  • Survival instructor keeps F-35 training afloat

    Within the 33rd Fighter Wing, innovation doesn't end at the flightline, but finds its way into a 12-foot swimming pool where new F-35 Lighting II pilots are now able to seamlessly complete their water survival training.

  • Surviving 'face-breaking' speed

    For some it's about competition, for others it's an adrenaline rush, but for Derek Hamby, bicycling is about passion. Hamby, an avid bicyclist and manpower and organization chief at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado, has been riding for close to 20 years. He takes trips with friends each year, just

  • Surviving sexual assault: One victim’s story

    When she woke up, everything in her life had changed. Her best friend no longer existed. At least his status as her best friend was now gone. That changed instantly and forever when she found him on top of her, assaulting her. The evening began as any other for Amanda -- not her real name. The

  • Surviving the altitude

    Many issues may arise when flying as aircrew, including hypoxia, which can be life-threatening if the proper procedures are not taken to correct it.

  • 'Surviving The Cut' episode to highlight dive school July 25

    Discover Channel's "Surviving The Cut" will air an episode that highlights the rigorous training at the Air Force Combat Dive School in Panama City, Fla., July 25 at 10 p.m. EDT.Members of the Air Force Combat Dive School train an array of special operations Airmen such as pararescuemen, combat

  • Surviving the Holocaust: Former Soldier, AF civilian tells his story

    Fear. In one word, Bob Behr used fear to describe how he and most of the Jewish community in Germany lived their lives from 1933 until the mid-1940s. In that time, Behr would suffer persecution, work in forced labor, be arrested and sent to the Theresienstadt “camp-ghetto” with his family, and

  • Surviving the storm: My journey to recovery

    Last fall, I felt like I was losing my foundation. Within a short time frame, my best friend got a new assignment to California, and my supervisor, who had become my biggest mentor, left for a deployment. Soon after, I found myself significantly struggling to find my place as a new Airman, and

  • Surviving the unthinkable

    Airmen sang Christmas carols as they cruised their armored truck through the thick gray fog of Iraq’s northern desert on that late November morning. It was the 2004 holiday season and the Airmen were in good spirits as they neared the end of their 30-day mission. They had helped guard Army convoys

  • Survivor assistance program manager receives new A1 award

    He provided around-the-clock assistance to more than 200 families who suffered the loss of an active-duty member, mentored 25 Airmen seriously injured or wounded in action, and was appointed by the secretary of Defense to serve on the Independent Review Group at Walter Reed Army Medical Center.

  • Survivor harnesses resilience to overcome invisible wounds

    Reality hit when then Airman First Class Brittany Johnson of the 49th Logistics Readiness Squadron left the hospital in September 2010 after a week-long stay for sexual and physical assault. “I didn’t feel like myself,” recalls Johnson, now a technical sergeant with the 36th Civil Engineering

  • Survivor remembers attack on Oahu

    Retired Chief Master Sgt. Ralph Barnett returned to Hickam for the 65th Anniversary of the attack on Oahu and to show his family where he was on that fateful Sunday morning. At the time of the attack he was a 24 year old assistant armament chief Buck Sgt. with the 23rd Bombardment Squadron stationed

  • Survivor shares story to combat troop suicides

    Kim Ruocco hung up the phone with her husband, relieved he had finally agreed to seek help for his increasingly severe bouts of depression.Still, she had a nagging feeling that something wasn't right. She decided to catch a red-eye flight from Massachusetts to California, where her husband's reserve

  • Survivor supports families in wake of 9/11

    It's been a decade since American Airlines Flight 77 struck the Pentagon on Sept. 11, 2001, but Bonnie Carroll vividly recalls the aftermath.As a family support volunteer, she spent hours "listening and sharing" with families who were waiting to be notified about a missing loved one.Carroll, the

  • Survivors call bin Laden's death 'Bittersweet'

    When Wendy Duffman first heard that Osama bin Laden, al-Qaida's leader and the mastermind behind 9/11, was dead, she said she felt a sense of elation, and then relief.Her brother, Air Force Tech. Sgt. Scott Eric Duffman, died four years ago in a helicopter crash in Afghanistan. And as an American

  • Survivors of Afghan helicopter crash airlifted to Germany

    Only hours after a helicopter crashed in Afghanistan, Airmen from an aeromedical evacuation control team in Southwest Asia got 11 of fourteen injured survivors onboard a C-17 Globemaster III bound for Germany."That really made a difference in saving lives" said Lt. Col. Lenora Cook, the evacuation

  • Survivors offer advice straight from the heart

    It began as a good day for Kim Manning. On March 29, 2004, her alarm clock’s snooze button, which usually works overtime, got the day off, while a warm shower and a hot cup of coffee propelled her out the door and off to work. Less than half an hour later her good day went bad, real bad.Just miles

  • Survivors will receive extra money

    Congress is making death and taxes a little bit less painful by giving extra money to families of deceased airmen.Families of almost 500 airmen who died on active duty since Sept. 10, 2001, are receiving an additional $6,000 beyond the death benefits they originally received. They will also be

  • Suspect arrested in sergeant’s murder

    Officials arrested a suspect in the murder of Master Sgt. Gloria Ponder on June 12. Sergeant Ponder was found dead in her on-base home June 8. She was assigned to Air Combat Command’s chapel at Langley Air Force Base, Va.The suspect was apprehended by security forces Airmen at the base exchange on

  • Suspect in base killings in custody

    An Airman here suspected of killing two people and injuring another in base housing July 5 is in pretrial confinement at a local jail.The suspect was apprehended here July 5 by Air Force Office of Special Investigations agents. Base officials said he has not yet been formally charged, and they did

  • Suspect shot following vehicle chase at Offutt AFB

    An individual was shot by a 55th Security Forces Squadron member at the Kenney Gate here June 4.Following a felony traffic stop, the suspect fled and illegally forced his way onto Offutt AFB with Bellevue Police Department and Sarpy County Sherriff's Department vehicles in pursuit. "We have no

  • Sustainability of installations, environment key to readiness

    The best way to ensure that today’s warfighters have what they need to fight and win in the post-Sept. 11 world is to sustain the viability of both military installations and their surrounding environments, a defense official said here April 12.That idea of sustainability -- of the military

  • Sustainable security needs risk-based approach

    Risk management must guide decisions on preventing, responding to and recovering from terrorist attacks, the new homeland security secretary said here March 16.Michael Chertoff spoke at George Washington University in his first major address since taking office Feb. 15.“A nation as vital and

  • Sustaining Global Supremacy

    Secretary of the Air Force Heather Wilson talks about adaptation and innovation in the Air Force throughout its history and how both play a key role in sustaining global supremacy. The speech was given Feb 28, 2019, at the Air Warfare Symposium in Orlando, Florida.

  • Sustaining stealth

    Beneath the sleek lines of the F-35A Lightning II, Airmen move with careful precision, sealing seams and smoothing surfaces to restore one of the aircraft’s most powerful features, its stealth.

  • Sustaining the mission through green innovation

    On April 22, the Air Force will join the nation in observing Earth Day. On this occasion, we take the opportunity to reflect on our daily commitment to excellence and leadership in protecting and preserving the environment and our natural resources. As we fly, fight, and win today and in the future,

  • Sustainment skills key in Iraq, Afghanistan

    As the United States wraps up operations in Iraq and looks to scaling back its force in Afghanistan, a senior defense official emphasized the importance of ensuring that Iraq's and Afghanistan's national security forces have the maintenance and logistics capabilities they'll need.The U.S.

  • SVS helps airmen stay fit, fed, entertained

    Adopting the slogan “Not without us,” airmen of the 506th Expeditionary Services Squadron routinely take on the daily challenge of keeping the people assigned here fed, fit and entertained. “You can’t sustain a long-term forward presence and world-class combat capability … without bringing services

  • SVS officials launch redesigned AF sponsorship website

    The Air Force community has a combined purchasing power of $30 billion, and Air Force commercial sponsorship officials are revamping their efforts to spread the word to potential sponsors.Through the Air Force Commercial Sponsorship program, sponsoring businesses receive market exposure to total

  • Swedish Air Force travels to Alaska for exercise

    In a journey that would span more than five days, seven Gripen fighters traveled from Sweden to Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, for the multinational exercise, Cooperative Cope Thunder.When they arrived at the Alaskan base, the Swedish pilots and 23 technicians from the ground crew had reached a

  • Swedish airmen reflect on Raven training

    Two Swedish airmen working to build up a cooperative between their country and the U.S. Air Force Expeditionary Center's Phoenix Raven Training Course, recently reflected on attending the Raven instruction April 14 to May 1.Lieutenants Fredrile Gartborn and Fredrik Andersson, both Swedish air force

  • Swedish Gripen fighters arrive at Eielson

    The Swedish Air Force endured a long journey to participate in the Pacific Air Forces exercise Cooperative Cope Thunder for the first time. In a journey that would span more than five days, seven Gripen fighters left Sweden on July 13 for the multinational exercise. The first leg of their trip took

  • Swedish pilots presented with US Air Medal

    Four Swedish air force pilots received U.S. Air Medals during a ceremony in Stockholm Nov. 28, recognizing their actions that took place over 31 years ago. Until last year the details of their mission remained classified.

  • Sweet lessons: 70th anniversary of the Berlin Airlift

    The end of World War II brought on a new, different conflict - a cold war. An immediate battleground became the divided country of Germany. The Allies divided the defeated Germany with the French, British and Americans taking the western half of the nation spreading the ideals of democracy, and the

  • Swift Strike controls the air

    Exercise Swift Strike aims to strengthen interoperability for American and Canadian air controllers and air battle managers.

  • Swimming & Diving: Air Force falls to BYU

    The Air Force men's and women's swimming and diving teams were swept in a Mountain West Conference dual Jan. 26 at the BYU swimming and diving complex. The men's team lost 138-105 while the women lost 153-74. Senior Chris Knaute led the way for the Falcons, winning the 500- and 1,000-yard freestyle

  • Swimming & Diving: Air Force knocks off defending league champs

    In one of the programs biggest victories, the Air Force men's swimming & diving team defeated two-time defending Mountain West Conference Champion UNLV, 175-125, in front of over 1,000 rowdy fans at the Cadet Natatorium. On the women's side, the Rebels defeated the Falcons 180-100. The Falcon men

  • Swimming & Diving: Air Force swept at Utah

    The Air Force men's and women's swimming and diving teams were swept by Utah here in a Mountain West Conference dual Jan. 27. The men's team lost 154-146 while the women lost 153-117. The Falcon men took first place in eight of the 16 events, but came up just short. Senior Chris Knaute took first

  • Swimming and diving: Falcons break 800 free relay record

    The Air Force men's s swimming and diving team sits in third place after the first day of competition Feb. 21 at the 2007 Mountain West Conference Swimming and Diving Championships. The Falcon women's team is in eighth place. The Brigham Young University men's and women's swimming and diving teams

  • Swimming and diving: Seniors defend titles

    Air Force seniors Chris Knaute and Paul Parmenter successfully defended their titles in the 500-yard freestyle and 200 individual medley events at the 2007 Mountain West Conference Swimming and Diving Championships Feb. 22 at the Oklahoma City Community College Pool. The Falcon men's team sits in

  • Swimming: Air Force falls to BYU

    The U.S. Air Force Academy men's and women's swimming and diving teams both dropped a contest to Brigham Young University Jan. 24 at the Cadet Natatorium in Colorado Springs, Colo. The men fell to the 23rd-ranked Cougars by a score of 147.5 to 93.5, while the women lost 155 to 82. The men drop to

  • Swimming: Cadet earns fourth conference weekly honor

    A U.S. Air Force Academy cadet was named Mountain West Conference co-men's Swimmer of the Week, announced Feb. 8 by the conference office. Senior Chris Knaute has earned this honor four times this 2006-07 season and eight times in his career.The final Mountain West Conference Swimmer and Diver of

  • Swimming: Cadet earns third conference honor

    A U.S. Air Force Academy senior was named Mountain West Conference men's swimmer of the week Jan. 24 by the conference office. This is Cadet Chris Knaute's third honor this season and seventh of his career. The cadet from Houston led Air Force to a 175-125 win past two-time defending MWC champions

  • Switching Seats campaign going strong

    Air Force officials here launched the final three Webisodes of its multimedia marketing campaign, "Switching Seats," May 15. The online campaign centers on the parallels between Air Force and NASCAR high-performance jobs and focuses on No. 43 driver Reed Sorenson and crewmembers engaged in each

  • Sword Order falls into hands of AFC2ISR Center Commander

    The commander of the Air Force Command and Control, and Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Center became the first inductee into the Air Force District of Washington’s Order of the Sword during a ceremony here July 22.Maj. Gen. Tommy F. Crawford received the highest honor and tribute

  • Symbol of tyranny replaced with school for Iraq air force

    Senior U.S. and Iraqi air force officials witnessed history in the making with the dedication of the Iraqi Air Force Training School and the commissioning of 11 officer candidates into the Iraqi air force.Lt. Gen. Kamal Brazanjay, the commander of the Iraqi Air Force; Brig. Gen. Robert R. Allardice,

  • Symposium draws top medical professionals

    The conference room was filled with doctors, nurses, scientists and top officials, all subject-matter experts in their respective medical fields. Some wore military uniforms, others business suits. Some were versed on the science of traumatic brain injuries. Others were veterans of combat hospital

  • Symposium encourages Building Partnerships, ideas

    The LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education here invites select officers and civilian equivalents to take part in the Building Partnerships Symposium March 23 to 25 here. The event's primary focus is to promote discussion about relevant experiences and theories to be incorporated into

  • Symposium focuses on needs of young veterans

    Registration is open for the National Symposium for the Needs of Young Veterans scheduled for Oct. 18 to 21 in Chicago. The event will bring together a diverse and representative group of 1,500 active-duty servicemembers, reservists and veterans to find solutions to the challenges servicemembers

  • Symposium gets to core of Air Force's role in cyberspace

    In an effort to bring together minds and ideas from across the cyberspace community, Air University officials hosted a week-long cyberspace symposium here recently. Some 250 professional civilian and military information experts gathered to discuss the implications of cyberspace, especially with

  • Symposium highlights changing times

    Future Air Force budgets with fewer modernization dollars are requiring Air Force people to change processes to make current aircraft last longer.This is one topic Dr. Marvin Sambur, assistant secretary of the Air Force for acquisition, discussed here at the 25th Annual Air Force Association Focus

  • Symposium keys on space support

    The theme for this year’s Air Force Association National Symposium was “Space – Enabling the War Fighter.” With this in mind, Space and Missile Systems Center commander Lt. Gen. Michael Hamel and other Air Force leaders, and industry partners met in Beverly Hills, Calif., on Nov. 18 to discuss their

  • Symposium nurtures students in research skills

    A Defense Department program is giving high school students the support and resources to design and conduct original research in science, technology, engineering and mathematics areas. Lynn Smith of the Department of Defense Education activity, director of the Junior Science and Humanities

  • Symposium offers military women chance to connect, empower and succeed

    Military women from across the nation have gathered here March 15 and 16 to focus on professional development during the 24th Annual Joint Women's Leadership Symposium. This is the first time Airmen joined the ranks of the more than 1,300 women at this event. The symposium's theme, "Connect,

  • Symposium sets standards for efficient, total force training

    Air Force officials recently concluded the annual Environment, Safety and Occupational Health Training Symposium in Nashville, Tenn., where more than 1,200 active duty, Guard and Reserve Airmen met for intensive training. By gathering in a single venue, and maintaining a busy class schedule

  • Symposium students complete 32,000 hours of instruction

    Students and instructors said they developed a new appreciation for the word “training” during the 2005 Environmental Training Symposium, which ended here Feb. 11.About 153 instructors taught 111 courses to more than 1,250 students throughout the week-long event.More than 32,100 hours of instruction

  • Symposium to highlight role, future of airborne ISR

    The future of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance will be the focus May 22 to 24 during the 55th Wing's inaugural ISR symposium, "Leading the Fight -- Airborne ISR in 2025," in Omaha, Neb. The symposium will highlight the importance of airborne ISR to decision-makers across the spectrum.

  • Symposium wraps up Global Strike Challenge competition

    The third-annual Air Force Global Strike Command Technology and Innovation Symposium kicked off today at the Shreveport Convention Center in Shreveport, La.The symposium is part of the culmination of Global Strike Challenge, an annual event where the top security forces, maintainers, and missile and

  • Synchronization system brings awareness to warfighters

    A new set of synchronization capabilities are being tested and experimented with here at Joint Expeditionary Force Experiment 2004, the fifth in a series of major chief of staff of the Air Force-sponsored experiments that test new and emerging technologies.Global Concept-of-operations

  • Synonyms: Superman and Doolittle Raider

    Looking around the auditorium, legends fill the room. A Tuskegee Airman subtly takes his seat in the crowd. Medal of Honor recipient George "Bud" Day strolls in on his wheelchair and takes a seat near the front. And on the stage stand three men who hundreds came to honor.This was one of the many

  • Synthetic fuel testing begins on fighter engine

    Engineers at Arnold Engineering Development Center began testing a Pratt & Whitney F100 engine April 29 in the J-1 simulated altitude jet engine test cell using a blend of alternative synthetic fuel.  The engine is the power plant for the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon.Once testing and

  • System for military disaster relief takes shape

    A system is being created that is intended to strengthen the ability of service members to contribute to civilian-led disaster response in the Western Hemisphere, a Defense Department official said here Jan. 24.Paul Stockton, the assistant secretary of defense for homeland defense and Americas'

  • System helps determine 'health' of Air Force aircraft

    Military aircraft must be safe, reliable, and ready at a moment's notice to complete their mission. Unexpected maintenance, and even scheduled maintenance checks, can keep an aircraft out of service when needed most. That's where Integrated Systems Health Management, or ISHM, comes in. ISHM is a

  • System increases B-52 target precision

    Along with successfully developing a new targeting capability for the B-52 Stratofortress, 53rd Wing test managers and aircrews also demonstrated a new $8.6 million avionics system capability for the aircraft June 14.A B-52 from Barksdale Air Force Base, La., was launched with Boeing’s prototype

  • System integrates military pay, personnel

    A new Web-based system will integrate all of the services' military personnel and pay systems, Department of Defense officials announced Sept. 29.The Defense Integrated Military Human Resources System will provide "one-stop shopping" for servicemembers when it is fully implemented, officials

  • Systems group adds technology to Katrina relief support

    While tons of relief supplies are flowing into the Gulf Coast daily, the Operations and Sustainment Systems Group here is shoring up the vital flow of communications to the hurricane-stricken region.Hours after Hurricane Katrina made landfall, the group's team of communications, logistics,

  • T-1 Jayhawk modifications take electronic warfare training airborne

    The 451st Flying Training Squadron completed the final step of a long journey when a T-1A Jayhawk modified for electronic warfare training took flight on a training sortie June 4. This is the first time in Air Force history an undergraduate aviation program has formally incorporated the fundamentals

  • T-1 rolls off Keesler runway

    A T-1A Jayhawk rolled off the runway here Aug. 16. The crew was treated and released at the Keesler Medical Center. They are assigned to the 47th Flying Training Wing at Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas.The accident happened during a routine cross-country navigation-proficiency training mission.The

  • T-37 rolls off runway, pilot uninjured

    T-37 Tweet rolled off the runway here June 8 during a training flight.The student pilot, flying solo at the time of the incident, received no injuries.The aircraft’s left wing was damaged which resulted in a small fuel spill. The base’s fuel spill response team contained the spill which was

  • T-37s collide in midair

    Two T-37 Tweet trainer aircraft assigned to the 89th Flying Training Squadron here collided in midair about 9:20 a.m. Dec. 20.The incident took place during a training mission near Lake Waurika, located about 40 miles northeast of Wichita Falls, Texas.Each aircraft had an instructor pilot and a

  • T-38 arrives to supplement F-22 training

    Following a successful test run in March 2010 and approval by Air Combat Command officials, the first of several T-38 Talons from Holloman Air Force Base, N.M., arrived here April 1 for the beginning of the 1st Operations Group's T-38 Adversary Air Program.Col. Matt Molloy, the 1st Fighter Wing's

  • T-38 completes 50 years of service

    Officials commemorated the T-38 Talon supersonic jet trainer's 50th service anniversary in a ceremony here March 17.The T-38 was first deployed in March 1961, and has served as a training vehicle for multiple generations of pilots and pilot instructors throughout its five decades of service.Col.

  • T-38 crash claims life of Edwards' pilot

    An Air Force test pilot student died May 21 when his jet trainer crashed north of Edwards Air Force Base. Captain Mark P. Graziano, 30, died when the T-38A Talon he was piloting crashed about nine miles north of the base here, near California City, Calif. Captain Graziano was assigned to the U.S.

  • T-38 crashes in Texas

    An Air Force T-38 Talon crashed at about 12:45 p.m. today approximately 12 miles south of Hondo, Texas. The aircraft was assigned to the 12th Flying Training Wing here. The aircraft was performing a training mission. The pilot safely ejected and is being transported to Wilford Hall Medical Center at

  • T-38 crashes north of Edwards

    An Air Force T-38 Talon crashed at 1:15 p.m. May 21, about nine miles north of Edwards Air Force Base. The Edwards aircraft was on a flight-test training mission at the time of the accident. Two crewmembers were on board; their condition is unknown at this time. A board of officers will investigate

  • T-38 maintenance significant to ISR

    Although various personnel provide support to T-38 flying operations a group of mechanics play an integral role. These civilian contractors work to keep the aircraft ready to fly whenever necessary.